{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T02:44:17Z","timestamp":1778640257596,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["056-14-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["056-14-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We use a neurocognitive perspective to discuss the contribution of learning letter-speech sound (L-SS) associations and visual specialization in the initial phases of reading in dyslexic children. We review findings from associative learning studies on related cognitive skills important for establishing and consolidating L-SS associations. Then we review brain potential studies, including our own, that yielded two markers associated with reading fluency. Here we show that the marker related to visual specialization (N170) predicts word and pseudoword reading fluency in children who received additional practice in the processing of morphological word structure. Conversely, L-SS integration (indexed by mismatch negativity (MMN)) may only remain important when direct orthography to semantic conversion is not possible, such as in pseudoword reading. In addition, the correlation between these two markers supports the notion that multisensory integration facilitates visual specialization. Finally, we review the role of implicit learning and executive functions in audiovisual learning in dyslexia. Implications for remedial research are discussed and suggestions for future studies are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T10:00:47Z","timestamp":1484733647000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Contributions of Letter-Speech Sound Learning and Visual Print Tuning to Reading Improvement: Evidence from Brain Potential and Dyslexia Training Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Gorka","family":"Fraga Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1018 WS, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam 1018 WS, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gojko","family":"\u017dari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jurgen","family":"Tijms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1018 WS, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam 1018 WS, The Netherlands"},{"name":"IWAL Institute, Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1001 EW, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milene","family":"Bonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurits","family":"Van der Molen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1018 WS, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1018 WT, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.10.010","article-title":"Word length effect in early reading and in developmental dyslexia","volume":"93","author":"Zoccolotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1348\/000712603321661859","article-title":"Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies","volume":"94","author":"Seymour","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0835-2","article-title":"Getting to the bottom of orthographic depth","volume":"22","author":"Schmalz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0902_4","article-title":"Learning to read words: Theory, findings, and issues","volume":"9","author":"Ehri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-3802.2012.01262.x","article-title":"Early identification and interventions for dyslexia: A contemporary view","volume":"13","author":"Snowling","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Spec. Educ. Needs"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Blomert, L. (2005). Dyslexie in Nederland, Uitgeverij Nieuwezijds."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"A definition of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21384","article-title":"What\u2019s the story? The tale of reading fluency told at speed","volume":"33","author":"Benjamin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000631","article-title":"Paying attention to reading: The neurobiology of reading and dyslexia","volume":"20","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.00191","article-title":"Long-term effects of a psycholinguistic treatment for dyslexia","volume":"26","author":"Tijms","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Res. Read."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219407311325","article-title":"The Varieties of Pathways to Dysfluent Reading: Comparing Subtypes of Children With Dyslexia at Letter, Word, and Connected Text Levels of Reading","volume":"41","author":"Katzir","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011117620895","article-title":"Heterogeneity in adult dyslexic readers: Relating processing skills to the speed and accuracy of oral text reading","volume":"14","author":"Leinonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.025","article-title":"Multi-sensory learning and learning to read","volume":"77","author":"Blomert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"415","article-title":"The relationships between segmental analysis and alphabetic literacy: An interactive view","volume":"7","author":"Morais","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cah. Psychol. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(91)90026-Z","article-title":"The relationship of phonemic awareness to reading acquisition: More consequence than precondition but still important","volume":"40","author":"Wimmer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2005.00270.x","article-title":"Letter-position encoding and dyslexia","volume":"28","author":"Whitney","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Res. Read."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0119","article-title":"Form-meaning links in the development of visual word recognition","volume":"364","author":"Nation","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(80)90021-1","article-title":"The development of grapheme-phoneme correspondence in normal and dyslexic readers","volume":"29","author":"Snowling","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.03.004","article-title":"The relationship between knowing a word and reading it aloud in children\u2019s word reading development","volume":"103","author":"Nation","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211400","article-title":"Letter legibility and visual word recognition","volume":"26","author":"Nazir","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mem. Cognit."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193811","article-title":"Reexamining the word length effect in visual word recognition: New evidence from the English Lexicon Project","volume":"13","author":"New","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Healy, A. (2012). Handbook of Psychology, Volume 4: Experimental Psychology, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027768","article-title":"Perceptual recognition as a function of meaninfulness of stimulus material","volume":"81","author":"Reicher","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00134-7","article-title":"The visual word form area: Expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus","volume":"7","author":"McCandliss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.11.005","article-title":"Long-term cognitive dynamics of fluent reading development","volume":"105","author":"Vaessen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1998.2481","article-title":"Phonological recoding and orthographic learning: A direct test of the self-teaching hypothesis","volume":"72","author":"Share","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)00645-2","article-title":"Phonological recoding and self-teaching: Sine qua non of reading acquisition","volume":"55","author":"Share","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904970708","article-title":"Reading in a regular orthography: An FMRI study investigating the role of visual familiarity","volume":"16","author":"Ischebeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-005-5766-2","article-title":"Effects of word and morpheme familiarity on reading of derived words","volume":"19","author":"Carlisle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90010-8","article-title":"The influence of orthographic consistency on reading development: Word recognition in English and German children","volume":"51","author":"Wimmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1017\/S1360641797001366","article-title":"Dyslexia as a Phonological Deficit: Evidence and Implications","volume":"3","author":"Snowling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Psychol. Psychiatry Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210701508822","article-title":"What phonological deficit?","volume":"61","author":"Ramus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.405","article-title":"Is there a causal link from a phonological awareness deficit to reading failure in children at familial risk for dyslexia?","volume":"16","author":"Blomert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.03.009","article-title":"A lab-controlled simulation of a letter\u2013speech sound binding deficit in dyslexia","volume":"115","author":"Aravena","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.01007.x","article-title":"Evidence for a specific cross-modal association deficit in dyslexia: An electrophysiological study of letter-speech sound processing","volume":"14","author":"Froyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.01.065","article-title":"Reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds links phonological and reading deficits in adult dyslexia","volume":"19","author":"Blau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp308","article-title":"Deviant processing of letters and speech sounds as proximate cause of reading failure: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of dyslexic children","volume":"133","author":"Blau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017dari\u0107, G., Fraga Gonz\u00e1lez, G., Tijms, J., van der Molen, M.W., Blomert, L., and Bonte, M. (2014). Reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds in dyslexic children scales with individual differences in reading fluency. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00369"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.01.005","article-title":"Letter-sound processing deficits in children with developmental dyslexia: An ERP study","volume":"127","author":"Moll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Crossmodal deficit in dyslexic children: Practice affects the neural timing of letter-speech sound integration","volume":"9","author":"Tijms","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00071","article-title":"ERPs Reveal the Time-Course of Aberrant Visual-Phonological Binding in Developmental Dyslexia","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karipidis, I., Pleisch, G., R\u00f6thlisberger, M., Hofstetter, C., Dornbierer, D., St\u00e4mpfli, P., and Brem, S. (2016). Neural initialization of audiovisual integration in prereaders at varying risk for developmental dyslexia. Hum. Brain Mapp.","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23437"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.5.6.546","article-title":"Orthographic effects on rhyme monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Seidenberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1037\/1196-1961.49.2.264","article-title":"Orthographic effects on phoneme monitoring","volume":"49","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208845","article-title":"Orthography shapes the perception of speech: The consistency effect in auditory word recognition","volume":"5","author":"Ziegler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.055","article-title":"Developmental changes in brain regions involved in phonological and orthographic processing during spoken language processing","volume":"41","author":"Cone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00484.x","article-title":"Dyslexia: What\u2019s the problem?","volume":"9","author":"Bishop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.411","article-title":"Dyslexia in regular orthographies: Manifestation and causation","volume":"16","author":"Wimmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.003","article-title":"The neural signature of orthographic-phonological binding in successful and failing reading development","volume":"57","author":"Blomert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.09.007","article-title":"Impairments of multisensory integration and cross-sensory learning as pathways to dyslexia","volume":"47","author":"Hahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020984704781","article-title":"Phoneme awareness and pathways into literacy: A comparison of German and American children","volume":"15","author":"Mann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135645","article-title":"Development of neural systems for reading","volume":"30","author":"Schlaggar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(74)90101-5","article-title":"Explicit syllable and phoneme segmentation in the young child","volume":"18","author":"Liberman","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/0938-8982.00024","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies of reading development and reading disability","volume":"16","author":"Pugh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Learn. Disabil. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.05.004","article-title":"The neural code for written words: A proposal","volume":"9","author":"Dehaene","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.6.1053","article-title":"The illiterate brain. Learning to read and write during childhood influences the functional organization of the adult brain","volume":"121","author":"Petersson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7939","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904402107","article-title":"Brain sensitivity to print emerges when children learn letter-speech sound correspondences","volume":"107","author":"Brem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194140","article-title":"How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language","volume":"330","author":"Dehaene","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2014.04.001","article-title":"How symbols transform brain function: A review in memory of Leo Blomert","volume":"3","author":"Ansari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.3.297","article-title":"Brain mechanisms for reading words and pseudowords: An integrated approach","volume":"12","author":"Simos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00343-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading: A metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies","volume":"20","author":"Jobard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22147","article-title":"Reading acquisition reorganizes the phonological awareness network only in alphabetic writing systems","volume":"34","author":"Brennan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.10.009","article-title":"How reading acquisition changes children\u2019s spoken language network","volume":"127","author":"Monzalvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0803_6","article-title":"The neurobiological basis of skilled and impaired reading: Recent findings and new directions","volume":"8","author":"Sandak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.10.1901","article-title":"Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics A search for Wernicke\u2019s Wortschatz?","volume":"122","author":"Brunswick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057179","article-title":"Dyslexia: Cultural diversity and biological unity","volume":"291","author":"Paulesu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.8.809","article-title":"Cerebral mechanisms involved in word reading in dyslexic children: A magnetic source imaging approach","volume":"10","author":"Simos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"474","article-title":"Brain-potential analysis of visual word recognition in dyslexics and typically reading children","volume":"8","author":"Tijms","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2016.05.001","article-title":"Responsivity to dyslexia training indexed by the N170 amplitude of the brain potential elicited by word reading","volume":"106","author":"Tijms","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraga Gonz\u00e1lez, G., \u017dari\u0107, G., Tijms, J., Bonte, M., Blomert, L., and van der Molen, M.W. (2015). A Randomized Controlled Trial on The Beneficial Effects of Training Letter-Speech Sound Integration on Reading Fluency in Children with Dyslexia. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143914"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2011.621403","article-title":"Effectiveness of computer-based treatment for dyslexia in a clinical care setting: Outcomes and moderators","volume":"31","author":"Tijms","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.06.023","article-title":"Graph analysis of EEG resting state functional networks in dyslexic readers","volume":"127","author":"Bonte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2016.11.003","article-title":"Altered patterns of directed connectivity within the reading network of dyslexic children and their relation to reading dysfluency","volume":"23","author":"Correia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3810001","article-title":"The perception of speech sounds by the human brain as reflected by the mismtch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic equivalent (MMNm)","volume":"38","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.026","article-title":"The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: A review","volume":"118","author":"Paavilainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21061","article-title":"The long road to automation: Neurocognitive development of letter-speech sound processing","volume":"21","author":"Froyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.10.014","article-title":"Cross-modal enhancement of the MMN to speech-sounds indicates early and automatic integration of letters and speech-sounds","volume":"430","author":"Froyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Blomert, L., and Vaessen, A.A. (2009). 3DM Differential Diagnostics for Dyslexia: Cognitive Analysis of Reading and Spelling, Boom Test."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1162\/089892999563373","article-title":"ERP manifestations of processing printed words at different psycholinguistic levels: Time course and scalp distribution","volume":"11","author":"Bentin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1162\/089892905774597218","article-title":"Emerging neurophysiological specialization for letter strings","volume":"17","author":"Maurer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Grigorenko, E.L., and Naples, A.J. (2007). The Development of the Visual Expertise for Words: The Contribution of Electrophysiology, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.055","article-title":"The development of print tuning in children with dyslexia: Evidence from longitudinal ERP data supported by fMRI","volume":"57","author":"Maurer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.02.010","article-title":"Electrophysiological correlates of impaired reading in dyslexic pre-adolescent children","volume":"79","author":"Petersson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.5.476","article-title":"Dissociation of normal feature analysis and deficient processing of letter-strings in dyslexic adults","volume":"9","author":"Helenius","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.013","article-title":"Impaired visual expertise for print in French adults with dyslexia as shown by N170 tuning","volume":"50","author":"Bonnefond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.08.003","article-title":"Does silent reading speed in normal adult readers depend on early visual processes? evidence from event-related brain potentials","volume":"120","author":"Korinth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.025","article-title":"Coarse neural tuning for print peaks when children learn to read","volume":"33","author":"Maurer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm193","article-title":"Impaired tuning of a fast occipito-temporal response for print in dyslexic children learning to read","volume":"130","author":"Maurer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.06.010","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: ERP correlates of anomalous phonological processing during spoken word recognition","volume":"21","author":"Bonte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.02.012","article-title":"Reading for sound with dyslexia: Evidence for early orthographic and late phonological integration deficits","volume":"1385","author":"Savill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2012.677420","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: The difficulties of interpreting poor performance, and the importance of normal performance","volume":"29","author":"Ramus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuhoff, N., Bruder, J., Bartling, J., Warnke, A., Remschmidt, H., M\u00fcller-Myhsok, B., and Schulte-K\u00f6rne, G. (2012). Evidence for the late MMN as a neurophysiological endophenotype for dyslexia. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034909"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00134-2","article-title":"Event-related potentials associated with second language learning in children","volume":"114","author":"Shestakova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nash, H.M., Gooch, D., Hulme, C., Mahajan, Y., McArthur, G., Steinmetzger, K., and Snowling, M.J. (2016). Are the literacy difficulties that characterize developmental dyslexia associated with a failure to integrate letters and speech sounds?. Dev. Sci.","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12423"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2010.10.006","article-title":"Behavioral performances in participants with phonological dyslexia and different patterns on the N170 component","volume":"75","author":"Dujardin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738040190100401","article-title":"Current status of treatments for dyslexia: Critical review","volume":"19","author":"Alexander","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171999","article-title":"Dyslexia: A new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience","volume":"325","author":"Gabrieli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.438","article-title":"Effects of a randomised reading intervention study: An application of structural equation modelling","volume":"17","author":"Wolff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Stainthorp, R., and Tomlinson, P. (2002). Word Recognition in Beginning Literacy, Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1080\/0144341042000271719","article-title":"A Process-Oriented Evaluation of a Computerised Treatment for Dyslexia","volume":"24","author":"Tijms","year":"2004","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10080","article-title":"The development of reading impairment: A cognitive neuroscience model","volume":"9","author":"McCandliss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90012-1","article-title":"An analysis of the world-superiority effect","volume":"4","author":"Baron","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2753\/RPO1061-0405330455","article-title":"The state of research on learning activity","volume":"33","author":"Davydov","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Russ. East Eur. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2703_8","article-title":"Controlled & automatic processing: Behavior, theory, and biological mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Schneider","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1416.012","article-title":"Implicit learning and dyslexia","volume":"1145","author":"Folia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implicit and explicit learning to read: Implication as for subtypes of dyslexia","volume":"10","author":"Gombert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Larson, J.E. (2009). Educational Psychology: Cognition and Learning, Individual Differences, and Motivation, Nova Science."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410601066800","article-title":"The Development of Reading Accuracy and Reading Rate during Treatment of Dyslexia","volume":"27","author":"Tijms","year":"2007","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2016.06.024","article-title":"Predicting responsiveness to intervention in dyslexia using dynamic assessment","volume":"49","author":"Aravena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aravena, S., Tijms, J., Snellings, P., and van der Molen, M.W. (2017). Predicting individual differences in reading and spelling skill with an artificial script-based letter-speech sound training. J. Learn. Disabil., in press.","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219417715407"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.08.014","article-title":"Impaired implicit sequence learning in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"34","author":"Hedenius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.3.491","article-title":"Phonology, reading acquisition, and dyslexia: Insights from connectionist models","volume":"106","author":"Harm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612472207","article-title":"What predicts successful literacy acquisition in a second language?","volume":"24","author":"Frost","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90002-8","article-title":"Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures","volume":"19","author":"Nissen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.015","article-title":"Dyslexics are impaired on implicit higher-order sequence learning, but not on implicit spatial context learning","volume":"44","author":"Howard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-L-14-0324","article-title":"Impaired Statistical Learning in Developmental Dyslexia","volume":"58","author":"Gabay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.633499","article-title":"Dissociation between online and offline learning in developmental dyslexia","volume":"34","author":"Gabay","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.07.026","article-title":"Grammar predicts procedural learning and consolidation deficits in children with Specific Language Impairment","volume":"32","author":"Hedenius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413508981","article-title":"Performance of Children With Developmental Dyslexia on Two Skill Learning Tasks\u2014Serial Reaction Time and Tower of Hanoi Puzzle A Test of the Specific Procedural Learning Difficulties Theory","volume":"48","author":"Vakil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.208","article-title":"Evidence for implicit sequence learning in dyslexia","volume":"8","author":"Kelly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390591001007","article-title":"Implicit learning is intact in adult developmental dyslexic readers: Evidence from the serial reaction time task and artificial grammar learning","volume":"28","author":"Gerth","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.07.017","article-title":"Procedural learning is impaired in dyslexia: Evidence from a meta-analysis of serial reaction time studies","volume":"34","author":"Lum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.12.010","article-title":"Domain generality versus modality specificity: The paradox of statistical learning","volume":"19","author":"Frost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.266","article-title":"Investigating learning deficits associated with dyslexia","volume":"10","author":"Pothos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.03.040","article-title":"Implicit learning and reading: Insights from typical children and children with developmental dyslexia using the artificial grammar learning (AGL) paradigm","volume":"35","author":"Pavlidou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.400","article-title":"Do children with developmental dyslexia have impairments in implicit learning?","volume":"16","author":"Pavlidou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-009-0023-z","article-title":"Artificial grammar learning in primary school children with and without developmental dyslexia","volume":"59","author":"Pavlidou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-016-0121-7","article-title":"Implicit learning deficits among adults with developmental dyslexia","volume":"66","author":"Kahta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katan, P., Kahta, S., Sasson, A., and Schiff, R. (2016). Performance of children with developmental dyslexia on high and low topological entropy artificial grammar learning task. Ann. Dyslexia.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-016-0135-1"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.009","article-title":"Deviant neurophysiological responses to phonological regularities in speech in dyslexic children","volume":"45","author":"Bonte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328364b67c","article-title":"Deviant neural processing of phonotactic probabilities in adults with dyslexia","volume":"24","author":"Noordenbos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.08.012","article-title":"Auditory cortical tuning to statistical regularities in phonology","volume":"116","author":"Bonte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0285(03)00006-9","article-title":"Perceptual learning in speech","volume":"47","author":"Norris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-015-1034-y","article-title":"Phonetic recalibration of speech by text","volume":"78","author":"Keetels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Attent. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Keetels, M. (2017). Unpublished work."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.09.016","article-title":"Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: The role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning","volume":"56","author":"Ridderinkhof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.931","article-title":"The Neural Basis of Error Detection: Conflict Monitoring and the Error-Related Negativity","volume":"111","author":"Yeung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.2.1.19","article-title":"A computational account of altered error processing in older age: Dopamine and the error-related negativity","volume":"2","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(99)00031-9","article-title":"ERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: A tutorial","volume":"51","author":"Falkenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(01)00076-X","article-title":"Why is there an ERN\/Ne on correct trials? Response representations, stimulus-related components, and the theory of error-processing","volume":"56","author":"Coles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.4.679","article-title":"The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity","volume":"109","author":"Holroyd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1523","article-title":"Improvement of the Error-detection Mechanism in Adults with Dyslexia Following Reading Acceleration Training","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2011.606415","article-title":"Does Development Affect the Error-Related Negativity of Impaired and Skilled Readers?: An ERP Study","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horowitz-Kraus, T., and Breznitz, Z. (2009). Can the Error Detection Mechanism Benefit from Training the Working Memory? A Comparison between Dyslexics and Controls\u2014An ERP Study. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007141"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.06.009","article-title":"An error-detection mechanism in reading among dyslexic and regular readers\u2014An ERP study","volume":"119","author":"Breznitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Compensated Dyslexics Have a More Efficient Error Detection System Than Noncompensated Dyslexics","volume":"28","author":"Breznitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.04.051","article-title":"Effects of learning on feedback-related brain potentials in a decision-making task","volume":"1342","author":"Sailer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.019","article-title":"Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b","volume":"118","author":"Polich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06138.x","article-title":"Learning-related changes in reward expectancy are reflected in the feedback-related negativity","volume":"27","author":"Bellebaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2007.07.006","article-title":"Physiological correlates of learning by performance feedback in children: A study of EEG event-related potentials and evoked heart rate","volume":"76","author":"Groen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, D., and Horowitz-Kraus, T. (2014). The effect of learning on feedback-related potentials in adolescents with dyslexia: An EEG-ERP study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100486"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1006\/jmps.2000.1354","article-title":"Toward a Unified Model of Attention in Associative Learning","volume":"45","author":"Kruschke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"193","article-title":"The role of associative history in models of associative learning: A selective review and a hybrid model","volume":"57","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol. Sect. B"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70840-2","article-title":"Visual-spatial attention in developmental dyslexia","volume":"36","author":"Facoetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.284","article-title":"The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental dyslexia: Review of evidence for a selective visual attentional disorder","volume":"10","author":"Valdois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.494748","article-title":"Comorbidity of ADHD and dyslexia","volume":"35","author":"Gagliano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300206","article-title":"Comorbidity of Reading Disability and Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differences by Gender and Subtype","volume":"33","author":"Willcutt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.02.035","article-title":"Cortical networks for vision and language in dyslexic and normal children of variable socio-economic status","volume":"61","author":"Monzalvo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00196-5","article-title":"Learning letters in adulthood: Direct visualization of cortical plasticity for forming a new link between orthography and phonology","volume":"42","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.027","article-title":"Turning visual shapes into sounds: Early stages of reading acquisition revealed in the ventral occipitotemporal cortex","volume":"90","author":"Vidal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.11.055","article-title":"Language experience shapes fusiform activation when processing a logographic artificial language: An fMRI training study","volume":"31","author":"Xue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.01.006","article-title":"Orthographic transparency modulates the functional asymmetry in the fusiform cortex: An artificial language training study","volume":"125","author":"Mei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.04.001","article-title":"The interactive account of ventral occipitotemporal contributions to reading","volume":"15","author":"Price","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20125","article-title":"Left-lateralized N170 effects of visual expertise in reading: Evidence from Japanese syllabic and logographic scripts","volume":"20","author":"Maurer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.040","article-title":"Meta-analyzing brain dysfunctions in dyslexic children and adults","volume":"56","author":"Richlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.014","article-title":"Visual print tuning deficits in dyslexic adolescents under minimized phonological demands","volume":"74","author":"Kronschnabel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.6.1228","article-title":"Developmental change in feedback processing as reflected by phasic heart rate changes","volume":"40","author":"Crone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00543-0","article-title":"Alpha and beta band power changes in normal and dyslexic children","volume":"112","author":"Klimesch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.11.013","article-title":"Dynamic task-specific brain network connectivity in children with severe reading difficulties","volume":"488","author":"Vourkas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025823","article-title":"Individual prediction of dyslexia by single versus multiple deficit models","volume":"121","author":"Pennington","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/7\/1\/10\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:26:28Z","timestamp":1760207188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/7\/1\/10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci7010010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci7010010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]]}}}