{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:30:44Z","timestamp":1793316644148,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,4]],"date-time":"2018-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"N\/A"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Until the 1950s, developmental dyslexia was defined as a hereditary visual disability, selectively affecting reading without compromising oral or non-verbal reasoning skills. This changed radically after the development of the phonological theory of dyslexia; this not only ruled out any role for visual processing in its aetiology, but it also cast doubt on the use of discrepancy between reading and reasoning skills as a criterion for diagnosing it. Here I argue that this theory is set at too high a cognitive level to be explanatory; we need to understand the pathophysiological visual and auditory mechanisms that cause children\u2019s phonological problems. I discuss how the \u2018magnocellular theory\u2019 attempts to do this in terms of slowed and error prone temporal processing which leads to dyslexics\u2019 defective visual and auditory sequencing when attempting to read. I attempt to deal with the criticisms of this theory and show how it leads to a number of successful ways of helping dyslexic children to overcome their reading difficulties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8020026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]],"date-time":"2018-02-05T04:29:42Z","timestamp":1517804982000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["What is Developmental Dyslexia?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5843-8986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Stein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Physiology, Anatomy &amp; Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"276","article-title":"\u201c\u00dcber Dyslexie\u201d [About dyslexia]","volume":"15","author":"Berlin","year":"1884","journal-title":"Arch. 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