{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T11:49:38Z","timestamp":1789904978545,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) affects about 2% of the general population, for which several etiological factors were identified. Important among these is immunological dysfunction. This review aims to show how immunology can inform specific etiological factors, and how distinguishing between these etiologies is important from a personalized treatment perspective. We found discrepancies concerning cytokines, raising the hypothesis of specific immunological etiological factors. Antibody studies support the existence of a potential autoimmune etiological factor. Infections may also provoke OCD symptoms, and therefore, could be considered as specific etiological factors with specific immunological impairments. Finally, we underline the importance of distinguishing between different etiological factors since some specific treatments already exist in the context of immunological factors for the improvement of classic treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8080149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T10:36:31Z","timestamp":1533810991000},"page":"149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Individualized Immunological Data for Precise Classification of OCD Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hugues","family":"Lamothe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Cr\u00e9teil, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epini\u00e8re, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Baleyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Cr\u00e9teil, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epini\u00e8re, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Pelissolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, P\u00f4le de Psychiatrie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor\u2014Albert Chenevier, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"INSERM, U955, Team 15, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Mallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epini\u00e8re, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, P\u00f4le de Psychiatrie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor\u2014Albert Chenevier, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Global Health Institute, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3746","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: An integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective","volume":"15","author":"Pauls","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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