{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T22:06:43Z","timestamp":1787090803076,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic intractable pain is debilitating for those touched, affecting 5% of the population. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has fallen out of favour as the centrally implantable neurostimulation of choice for chronic pain since the 1970\u20131980s, with some neurosurgeons favouring motor cortex stimulation as the \u2018last chance saloon\u2019. This article reviews the available data and professional opinion of the current state of DBS as a treatment for chronic pain, placing it in the context of other neuromodulation therapies. We suggest DBS, with its newer target, namely anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), should not be blacklisted on the basis of a lack of good quality study data, which often fails to capture the merits of the treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8080158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T11:23:06Z","timestamp":1534764186000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["The Current State of Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic Pain and Its Context in Other Forms of Neuromodulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sarah Marie","family":"Farrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tipu","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.08.013","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general population","volume":"136","author":"Bouhassira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)03057-3","article-title":"The epidemiology of chronic pain in the community","volume":"354","author":"Elliott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.2.147","article-title":"Persistent pain and well-being: A world health organization study in primary care","volume":"280","author":"Gureje","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(01)00267-6","article-title":"Predicting complaints of impaired cognitive functioning in patients with chronic pain","volume":"21","author":"McCracken","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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