{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:04Z","timestamp":1789689604199,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The convenience of referring to dyslexia as a neurodevelopmental disorder has been repeatedly brought into question. In this opinion article, we argue in favor of the current diagnosis of dyslexia based on the criteria of harm and dysfunction. We discuss the favorable clinical and educational outcomes of a neuroscience-informed approach of dyslexia as a disorder. Furthermore, we discuss insights derived from neuroimaging studies and their importance to address problems related to developmental dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8100189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T10:08:02Z","timestamp":1539943682000},"page":"189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Dyslexia as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder and What Makes It Different from a Chess Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Gorka","family":"Fraga Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15916 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Rudolf Berlin Center, 44401 Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iliana I.","family":"Karipidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9080-8569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurgen","family":"Tijms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15916 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Rudolf Berlin Center, 44401 Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"RID, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12029","article-title":"Predictors of developmental dyslexia in European orthographies with varying complexity","volume":"54","author":"Landerl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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