{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:13:43Z","timestamp":1790432023054,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]],"date-time":"2019-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-Neuro (#024-01)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-Neuro (#024-01)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous results showed a positive influence of music training on linguistic abilities at both attentive and preattentive levels. Here, we investigate whether six months of active music training is more efficient than painting training to improve the preattentive processing of phonological parameters based on durations that are often impaired in children with developmental dyslexia (DD). Results were also compared to a control group of Typically Developing (TD) children matched on reading age. We used a Test\u2013Training\u2013Retest procedure and analysed the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and the N1 and N250 components of the Event-Related Potentials to syllables that differed in Voice Onset Time (VOT), vowel duration, and vowel frequency. Results were clear-cut in showing a normalization of the preattentive processing of VOT in children with DD after music training but not after painting training. They also revealed increased N250 amplitude to duration deviant stimuli in children with DD after music but not painting training, and no training effect on the preattentive processing of frequency. These findings are discussed in view of recent theories of dyslexia pointing to deficits in processing the temporal structure of speech. They clearly encourage the use of active music training for the rehabilitation of children with language impairments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9040091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1555930973000},"page":"91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Music Training Positively Influences the Preattentive Perception of Voice Onset Time in Children with Dyslexia: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0110-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Frey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ESPE de l\u2019acad\u00e9mie de Cr\u00e9teil, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil, Laboratoire CHArt, 94380 Bonneuil-sur-Marne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Fran\u00e7ois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Parole et Langage, CNRS et Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13640 Aix-en-Provence, France"},{"name":"Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Chobert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS et Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13331 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Velay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS et Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13331 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Neurologie P\u00e9diatrique, CHU Timone, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Besson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS et Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13331 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Cuban Neuroscience Center, La Havane 4850, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16106-0","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia","volume":"363","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.12.2373","article-title":"The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia","volume":"123","author":"Habib","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Collective Expertise INSERM, CNDRSDI (2007). Dyslexie, Dysorthographie, Dyscalculie: Bilan des Donn\u00e9es Scientifiques, INSERM."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.09.007","article-title":"Neurobiology of dyslexia","volume":"30","author":"Norton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Snowling, M.J. (2000). Dyslexia, Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.284","article-title":"The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental dyslexia: Review of evidence for a selective visual attention disorder","volume":"10","author":"Valdois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797618823540","article-title":"Understanding Dyslexia Through Personalized Large-Scale Computational Models","volume":"30","author":"Perry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00035-7","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: Specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor dysfunction?","volume":"13","author":"Ramus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000184","article-title":"Phonological skills, visual attention span, and visual stress in de- velopmental dyslexia","volume":"52","author":"Saksida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00483.x","article-title":"The role of sensorimotor impairments in dyslexia: A multiple case study of dyslexic children","volume":"9","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1800","article-title":"Dyslexia and the failure to form a perceptual anchor","volume":"9","author":"Ahissar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31211-0","article-title":"Impaired neural mechanism for online novel word acquisition in dyslexic children","volume":"24","author":"Kimppa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-009-9167-9","article-title":"Learning novel phonological representations in developmental dyslexia: Associations with basic auditory processing of rise time and phonological awareness","volume":"23","author":"Thomson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws356","article-title":"Phonological deficits in specific language impairment and developmental dyslexia: Towards a multidimensional model","volume":"136","author":"Ramus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244333","article-title":"Intact but less accessible phonetic representations in adults with dyslexia","volume":"342","author":"Boets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.03.097","article-title":"Abnormal pattern of cortical speech feature discrimination in 6-year-old children at risk for dyslexia","volume":"1335","author":"Lovio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6483","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.6483","article-title":"Cortical auditory signal processing in poor readers","volume":"25","author":"Nagarajan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208845","article-title":"Orthography shapes the perception of speech: The consistency effect in auditory word recognition","volume":"5","author":"Ziegler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.07.007","article-title":"N1 and P2 components of auditory event-related potentials in children with and without reading disabilities","volume":"118","author":"Guttorm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.09.064","article-title":"Event-related potentials to pitch and rise time change in children with reading disabilities and typically reading children","volume":"119","author":"Guttorm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.004","article-title":"Deficit in the preattentive processing of syllables in children with dyslexia","volume":"50","author":"Chobert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(78)90006-9","article-title":"Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted","volume":"42","author":"Gaillard","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.026","article-title":"The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: A review","volume":"118","author":"Paavilainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.001","article-title":"The mismatch negativity in cognitive and clinical neuroscience: Theoretical and methodological considerations","volume":"74","author":"Kujala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.04.001","article-title":"The mismatch negativity (MMN): Towards the optimal paradigm","volume":"115","author":"Pakarinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/002383096701000101","article-title":"Some effects of context on voice onset time in English stops","volume":"10","author":"Lisker","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lang. Speech"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Serniclaes, W. (1987). Etude Exp\u00e9rimentale de la Perception du Trait de Voisement des Occlusives du Fran\u00e7ais. [Unpublished Doctoral\u2019s Thesis, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp024","article-title":"Reading and subcortical auditory function","volume":"19","author":"Banai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411436213","article-title":"Basic auditory processing deficits in dyslexia; A systematic review of the behavioural and event-related potential field evidence","volume":"46","author":"Salminen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.03.010","article-title":"Auditory discrimination profiles of speech sound changes in 6-year-old children as determined with the multi-feature MMN paradigm","volume":"120","author":"Lovio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199904)45:4<495::AID-ANA11>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Impaired auditory frequency discrimination in dyslexia detected with mismatch evoked potentials","volume":"45","author":"Baldeweg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.09.010","article-title":"Behavioral and event-related potentials evidence for pitch discrimination deficits in dyslexic children: Improvement after intensive phonic intervention","volume":"45","author":"Santos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.012","article-title":"Atypical right hemisphere response to slow temporal modulations in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"143","author":"Cutini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.06.006","article-title":"Neural encoding of the speech envelope by children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"160","author":"Power","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.10.001","article-title":"A temporal sampling framework for developmental dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"Goswami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00904","article-title":"Oscillatory \u201ctemporal sampling\u201d and developmental dyslexia: Toward an over-arching theoretical framework","volume":"8","author":"Goswami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.075","article-title":"Reduced phase locking to slow amplitude modulation in adults with dyslexia: An MEG study","volume":"59","author":"Rupp","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.11.002","article-title":"Altered low-gamma sampling in auditory cortex accounts for the three main facets of dyslexia","volume":"72","author":"Lehongre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101778","article-title":"Reduced left-lateralized pattern of event-related EEG oscillations in infants at familial risk for language and learning impairment","volume":"22","author":"Cantiania","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-6-21","article-title":"Late, not early mismatch responses to changes in frequency are reduced or deviant in children with dyslexia: An event-related potential study","volume":"6","author":"Halliday","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.4.651","article-title":"Using mismatch negativity to study central auditory processing in developmental language and literacy impairments: Where are we, and where should we be going?","volume":"133","author":"Bishop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.05.005","article-title":"Perception of patterns of musical beat distribution in phonological developmental dyslexia: Significant longitudinal relations with word reading and reading comprehension","volume":"49","author":"Goswami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.07.010","article-title":"Music, rhythm, rise time perception and developmental dyslexia: Perception of musical meter predicts reading and phonology","volume":"47","author":"Huss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2008.25.4.383","article-title":"The relation between music and phonological processing innormal-reading children and children with dyslexia","volume":"25","author":"Forgeard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Music Percept. Interdiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frey, A., Fran\u00e7ois, C., Chobert, J., Besson, M., and Ziegler, J. (2018). Behavioral and electrophysiological investigation of speech perception deficits in silence, noise and envelope conditions in developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.033"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258500600604","article-title":"Phonology and the problems of learning to read and write","volume":"6","author":"Liberman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Remedial Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1284.060","article-title":"Dyslexia and music: From timing deficits to musical intervention","volume":"999","author":"Overy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.1.3","article-title":"Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: A psycholinguistic grain size theory","volume":"131","author":"Ziegler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq198","article-title":"Decoding temporal structure in music and speech relies on shared brain resources but elicits different fine-scale spatial patterns","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"921","article-title":"Meaning, structure and time in language and music. Neural substrates of cognitive processes. Special issue in homage to Jean Requin","volume":"17","author":"Besson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00094","article-title":"Transfer of training between music and speech: Common processing, attention, and memory","volume":"2","author":"Besson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2882","article-title":"Music training for the development of auditory skills","volume":"11","author":"Kraus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/87502","article-title":"Musical syntax is processed in Broca\u2019s area: An MEG study","volume":"4","author":"Maess","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1082","article-title":"Language, music, syntax and the brain","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, A.D. (2008). Music, Language, and the Brain, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195123753.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2161","article-title":"Neural specializations for speech and pitch: Moving beyond the dichotomies","volume":"363","author":"Zatorre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1515\/JBCPP.2001.12.2.125","article-title":"Pitch discrimination: Are professional musicians better than non-musicians?","volume":"12","author":"Amir","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Musical and linguistic expertise influence preattentive and attentive processing of non-speech sounds","volume":"10","author":"Marie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1121\/1.391605","article-title":"Performance on frequency discrimination tasks by musicians and nonmusicians","volume":"76","author":"Spiegel","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2044-5","article-title":"Pitch discrimination accuracy in musicians vs. nonmusicians: An event-related potential and behavioral study","volume":"161","author":"Tervaniemi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1608","article-title":"The encoding of vowels and temporal speech cues in the auditory cortex of professional musicians: An EEG study","volume":"5l","author":"Elmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuk, J., Ozernov-Palchik, O., Kim, H., Lakshminarayanan, K., Gabrieli, J.D.E., Tallal, P., and Gaab, N. (2013). Enhanced Syllable Discrimination Thresholds in Musicians. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080546"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.05.042","article-title":"Musicians have fine-tuned neural distinction of speech syllables","volume":"219","author":"Tierney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3917\/anpsy1.183.0273","article-title":"How music training influences language processing: Evidence against informational encapsulation","volume":"118","author":"Besson","year":"2018","journal-title":"L\u2019ann\u00e9e Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3021309","article-title":"The relationship between pitch discrimination and vocal production: Comparison of vocal and instrumental musicians","volume":"125","author":"Nikjeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.39501","article-title":"Superior formation of cortical memory traces for melodic patterns in musicians","volume":"8","author":"Tervaniemi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.05.063","article-title":"The role of musical aptitude and language skills in preattentive duration determination in school-aged children","volume":"460","author":"Milovanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3874","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00088","article-title":"Enhanced passive and active processing of syllables in musician children","volume":"23","author":"Chobert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"111","article-title":"Relation among musical skills, phonological processing and early reading ability in preschool children","volume":"83","author":"Anvari","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"124","article-title":"The effect of a music program on phonological awareness in preschoolers","volume":"2","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01765.x","article-title":"Individual differences in second language proficiency: Does musical ability matter?","volume":"17","author":"Slevc","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn120","article-title":"Musical training influences linguistic abilities in 8-year-old children: More evidence for brain plasticity","volume":"19","author":"Moreno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00711.x","article-title":"Music lessons enhance IQ","volume":"15","author":"Schellenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs377","article-title":"Twelve months of active musical training in 8 to 10 year old children enhances the preattentive processing of syllabic duration and Voice Onset Time","volume":"24","author":"Chobert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rugg, M.D., and Coles, M.G.H. (1995). Electrophysiology of Mind, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198524168.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Callaway, E., Tueting, P., and Koslow, S.H. (1978). Cognitive psychophysiology: The endogenous components of the ERP. Event-Related Brain Potentials in Man, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03283.x","article-title":"Event-related potential correlates to two stages of information processing in physical and semantic discrimination tasks","volume":"20","author":"Ritter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3109\/00207450108986536","article-title":"Children\u2019s auditory event-related potentials index sound complexity and \u201cspeechness\u201d","volume":"109","author":"Ceponiene","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Lefavrais, J. (2005). Test de l\u2019Alouette, rev. version, ECPA."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"299","article-title":"Efficacit\u00e9, sensibilit\u00e9, sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9: Comparaison de diff\u00e9rents tests de lecture [Efficiency, sensitivity, specificity: Comparison of different reading tests]","volume":"110","author":"Bertrand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann\u00e9e Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, The Psychological Corporation. [4th ed.]. WISC-IV.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15174-000"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Korkman, M., Kemp, S.L., and Kirk, U. (2004). NEPSY: Bilan Neuropsychologique de L\u2019enfant, ECPA (Editions du centre de psychologie appliqu\u00e9e)."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Raven, J.C. (1976). Standard Progressive Matrices: Sets A, B, C, D, E, Psychologists Press."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Chavez, M., Day, R., Deyell, S., Ellis, P., Fazio, S., Green, P., Johnston, D., Jonasson, B., Levine, J., and Orler, T. (2011, April 25). Adobe Audition Software. Available online: http:\/\/www.adobe.com\/products\/audition.html."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Boersma, P., and Weenink, D. (2001, April 18). Praat [Computer Software], Version 4.0. Available online: http:\/\/www.fon.hum.uva.nl\/praat\/."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"371","article-title":"The ten\u2014twenty system of the International Federation","volume":"10","author":"Jasper","year":"1958","journal-title":"Electroencephologr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199810260-00003","article-title":"Attentional orienting and reorienting is indicated by human event-related brain potentials","volume":"9","author":"Wolff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.035","article-title":"Left premotor cortex and allophonic speech perception in dyslexia: A PET study","volume":"46","author":"Dufor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2010.11.005","article-title":"Categorical perception of voicing, colors and facial expressions: A developmental study","volume":"53","author":"Hoonhorst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.026","article-title":"Neural evidence of allophonic perception in children at risk for dyslexia","volume":"50","author":"Noordenbos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2004.02.001","article-title":"Allophonic mode of speech perception in dyslexia","volume":"87","author":"Serniclaes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00026","article-title":"Music and dyslexia: A new musical training method to improve reading and related disorders","volume":"7","author":"Habib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Habib, M., and Commeiras, C. (2014). \u00abM\u00e9lodys\u00bb: Rem\u00e9diation Cognitivo-Musicale des Troubles de L\u2019apprentissage, De Boeck."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3292-14.2015","article-title":"Musical training orchestrates coordinated neuroplasticity in auditory brainstem and cortex to counteract age-related declines in categorical vowel perception","volume":"35","author":"Bidelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00599.x","article-title":"MMN or no MMN: No magnitude deviance effect on the MMN amplitude","volume":"45","author":"Horvath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1159\/000259255","article-title":"Mismatch negativity-the measure for central sound representation accuracy","volume":"2","author":"Alho","year":"1997","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21413","article-title":"Musicians and the metric structure of words","volume":"23","author":"Marie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Jacquier-Roux, M., Valdois, S., and Zorman, M.O. (2005). Outil de D\u00e9pistage des Dyslexies, Cogni-Sciences."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200312020-00022","article-title":"Altered responses to tone and phoneme mismatch in kindergartners at familial dyslexia risk","volume":"14","author":"Maurer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.11.005","article-title":"Detection of sound rise time by adults with dyslexia","volume":"94","author":"Torppa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flaugnacco, E., Lopez, L., Terribili, C., Montico, M., Zoia, S., and Sch\u00f6n, D. (2015). Music Training Increases Phonological Awareness and Reading Skills in Developmental Dyslexia: A Randomized Control Trial. PLoS ONE, 25.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138715"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031277","article-title":"Rhythmic auditory stimulation influences syntactic processing in children with developmental language disorders","volume":"27","author":"Przybylski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2018.09.006","article-title":"Enhanced semantic involvement during word recognition in children with dyslexia","volume":"178","author":"Groen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00430","article-title":"Early Stages of Sensory Processing, but Not Semantic Integration, Are Altered in Dyslexic Adults","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/9\/4\/91\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:46:10Z","timestamp":1760186770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/9\/4\/91"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci9040091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci9040091","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]]}}}