{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:01:08Z","timestamp":1792188068462,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08 DA035972-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08 DA035972-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital","award":["2017 Trailblazer Award - Clinical Study"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 Trailblazer Award - Clinical Study"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We previously showed that infants born with long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) demonstrate clinically significant brain MRI findings following repair with the Foker process. The current pilot study sought to identify any pre-existing (PRE-Foker process) signs of brain injury and to characterize brain and corpus callosum (CC) growth. Preterm and full-term infants (n = 3\/group) underwent non-sedated brain MRI twice: before (PRE-Foker scan) and after (POST-Foker scan) completion of perioperative care. A neuroradiologist reported on qualitative brain findings. The research team quantified intracranial space, brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and CC volumes. We report novel qualitative brain findings in preterm and full-term infants born with LGEA before undergoing Foker process. Patients had a unique hospital course, as assessed by secondary clinical end-point measures. Despite increased total body weight and absolute intracranial and brain volumes (cm3) between scans, normalized brain volume was decreased in 5\/6 patients, implying delayed brain growth. This was accompanied by both an absolute and relative CSF volume increase. In addition to qualitative findings of CC abnormalities in 3\/6 infants, normative CC size (% brain volume) was consistently smaller in all infants, suggesting delayed or abnormal CC maturation. A future larger study group is warranted to determine the impact on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born with LGEA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9120383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T03:19:36Z","timestamp":1576811976000},"page":"383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Neurologic Injury and Brain Growth in the Setting of Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia Perioperative Critical Care: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1325-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Rudisill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7169-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilo","family":"Jaimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandler","family":"Mongerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Esophageal and Airway Treatment Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3943-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dusica","family":"Bajic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2013.07.006","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of moderately preterm, late preterm, and early term infants","volume":"40","author":"Vohr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0710","article-title":"Adult outcome of extremely preterm infants","volume":"126","author":"Doyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.02.007","article-title":"Long-term consequences of pain in human neonates","volume":"11","author":"Grunau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"511","article-title":"Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: Evidence from humans and animal models","volume":"108","author":"Rice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2013.07.003","article-title":"Neuropathologic studies of the encephalopathy of prematurity in the late preterm infant","volume":"40","author":"Haynes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S232","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000800","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children With Congenital Heart Disease-What Can We Impact?","volume":"17","author":"Wernovsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.11.080","article-title":"Neonatal Surgery for Noncardiac Congenital Anomalies: Neonates at Risk of Brain Injury","volume":"182","author":"Stolwijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20151728","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1728","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Neonatal Surgery for Major Noncardiac Anomalies","volume":"137","author":"Stolwijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03506.x","article-title":"Anesthesia and neurotoxicity to the developing brain: The clinical relevance","volume":"21","author":"Davidson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.5.925","article-title":"Experience in a neonatal intensive care unit affects pain response","volume":"98","author":"Johnston","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1208","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0489","article-title":"Tolerance and withdrawal from prolonged opioid use in critically ill children","volume":"125","author":"Anand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solodiuk, J.C., Jennings, R.W., and Bajic, D. (2019). Evaluation of Postnatal Sedation in Full-Term Infants. Brain Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9050114"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2011.40","article-title":"Postnatal infection is associated with widespread abnormalities of brain development in premature newborns","volume":"71","author":"Chau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2382","article-title":"Beneficial effects of breast milk in the neonatal intensive care unit on the developmental outcome of extremely low birth weight infants at 18 months of age","volume":"118","author":"Vohr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F141","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.70.2.F141","article-title":"A randomised multicentre study of human milk versus formula and later development in preterm infants","volume":"70","author":"Lucas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00315","article-title":"Infant brain structural MRI analysis in the context of thoracic noncardiac surgery and critical care","volume":"7","author":"Mongerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02350","article-title":"Neonatal functional brain maturation in the context of perioperative critical care and pain management: A case report","volume":"5","author":"Hodkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2019.09.005","article-title":"Quantitative MRI study of infant regional brain size following surgery for long-gap esophageal atresia requiring prolonged critical care","volume":"79","author":"Mongerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.03.010","article-title":"Foker process for the correction of long gap esophageal atresia: Primary treatment versus secondary treatment after prior esophageal surgery","volume":"50","author":"Bairdain","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2012.04.007","article-title":"Surgical advances in the fetus and neonate: Esophageal atresia","volume":"39","author":"Kunisaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2008.10.005","article-title":"Long-gap esophageal atresia treated by growth induction: The biological potential and early follow-up results","volume":"18","author":"Foker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000449241","article-title":"Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia Is a Unique Entity within the Esophageal Atresia Defect Spectrum","volume":"111","author":"Bairdain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-013-2847-2","article-title":"Imaging of long gap esophageal atresia and the Foker process: Expected findings and complications","volume":"44","author":"Liszewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.153.4.331","article-title":"Analgesia and sedation in preterm neonates who require ventilatory support: Results from the NOPAIN trial. Neonatal Outcome and Prolonged Analgesia in Neonates","volume":"153","author":"Anand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"39","article-title":"Various factors which affect the rate of development of tolerance and physical dependence to abused drugs","volume":"54","author":"Dewey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nida Res. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2016.00089","article-title":"Sedation in Critically Ill Children with Respiratory Failure","volume":"4","author":"Vet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Paterson, S.J., Badridze, N., Flax, J.F., Liu, W.C., and Benasich, A.A. (2004). A Method for Structural MRI Scanning of Non-Sedated Infants, International conference on infancy studies."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.058","article-title":"The NIH MRI study of normal brain development (Objective-2): Newborns, infants, toddlers, and preschoolers","volume":"35","author":"Almli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06457.x","article-title":"Pediatric neuroimaging in early childhood and infancy: Challenges and practical guidelines","volume":"1252","author":"Raschle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.01.002","article-title":"MRI evaluation and safety in the developing brain","volume":"39","author":"Tocchio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Mongerson, C.R.L., Jennings, R.W., Main, S.A., Jois, M.S., Zurakowski, D., and Bajic, D. (2019, January 19\u201323). Infant corpus callosum volumes following thoracic noncardiac surgery for long-gap esophageal atresia. Proceedings of the 2019 American Society of Anesthesiology Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mongerson, C.R.L., Jaimes, C., Zurakowski, D., Jennings, R.W., and Bajic, D. (2019). Qualitative and qualitative study of infant corpus callosum following surgery and critical care for long-gap esophageal atresia. Sci. Rep., in review.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63212-3"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2016.00012","article-title":"Neonatal Brain Tissue Classification with Morphological Adaptation and Unified Segmentation","volume":"10","author":"Beare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/42.906424","article-title":"Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015","article-title":"User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: Significantly improved efficiency and reliability","volume":"31","author":"Yushkevich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Zhang, Y., Lasky, R.E., Datta, S., Parikh, N.A., and Narayana, P.A. (2010). Comprehensive brain MRI segmentation in high risk preterm newborns. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013874"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Mai, J.K., Assheuer, J., and Paxinos, G. (2015). Atlas of the Human Brain, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2301021640","article-title":"Fiber tract-based atlas of human white matter anatomy","volume":"230","author":"Wakana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1483","article-title":"Normalization of cerebral volumes by use of intracranial volume: Implications for longitudinal quantitative MR imaging","volume":"22","author":"Whitwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2018.4","article-title":"Brain growth in the NICU: Critical periods of tissue-specific expansion","volume":"83","author":"Matthews","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000464","article-title":"Basic Knowledge of Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Neonatal Care"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70294-1","article-title":"Brain injury in premature infants: A complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances","volume":"8","author":"Volpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00357-3","article-title":"Defining the nature of the cerebral abnormalities in the premature infant: A qualitative magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"143","author":"Inder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapellou, O., Counsell, S.J., Kennea, N., Dyet, L., Saeed, N., Stark, J., Maalouf, E., Duggan, P., Ajayi-Obe, M., and Hajnal, J. (2006). Abnormal cortical development after premature birth shown by altered allometric scaling of brain growth. PLoS Med., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030265"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22430","article-title":"The neuroanatomy of prematurity: Normal brain development and the impact of preterm birth","volume":"28","author":"Ortinau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.07.006","article-title":"Severe Congenital Heart Defects Are Associated with Global Reduction of Neonatal Brain Volumes","volume":"167","author":"Buchmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezt422","article-title":"Cerebral lesions on magnetic resonance imaging correlate with preoperative neurological status in neonates undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery","volume":"45","author":"Bertholdt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829bfdcf","article-title":"Brain injury and development in newborns with critical congenital heart disease","volume":"81","author":"Dimitropoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13436","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental delay with critical congenital heart disease is mainly from prenatal injury not infant cardiac surgery: Current evidence based on a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22545","article-title":"Neonatal intensive care unit stress is associated with brain development in preterm infants","volume":"70","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2008.07.006","article-title":"Metabolism and nutrition in the surgical neonate","volume":"17","author":"Pierro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.06.013","article-title":"Impact of Surgery for Neonatal Gastrointestinal Diseases on Weight and Fat Mass","volume":"167","author":"Paviotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzenberg, S.J., Georgieff, M.K., and Committee On, N. (2018). Advocacy for Improving Nutrition in the First 1000 Days to Support Childhood Development and Adult Health. Pediatrics, 141.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3716"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12102","article-title":"Nutrition and brain development in early life","volume":"72","author":"Prado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.03.003","article-title":"Greater Early Gains in Fat-Free Mass, but Not Fat Mass, Are Associated with Improved Neurodevelopment at 1 Year Corrected Age for Prematurity in Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants","volume":"173","author":"Ramel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.04.002","article-title":"Brain Volumes at Term-Equivalent Age Are Associated with 2-Year Neurodevelopment in Moderate and Late Preterm Children","volume":"174","author":"Cheong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.157","article-title":"Neonatal brain microstructure correlates of neurodevelopment and gait in preterm children 18\u201322 mo of age: An MRI and DTI study","volume":"78","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807304006","article-title":"Gestational age at preterm birth in relation to corpus callosum and general cognitive outcome in adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Narberhaus","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067393","article-title":"Abnormal brain development in newborns with congenital heart disease","volume":"357","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01902.x","article-title":"Early development of children with major birth defects requiring newborn surgery","volume":"47","author":"Laing","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01867.x","article-title":"Developmental outcomes following major surgery: What does the literature say?","volume":"47","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.09.009","article-title":"Neurologic outcomes in very preterm infants undergoing surgery","volume":"160","author":"Filan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2006.00969.x","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes and surgery in neonates","volume":"42","author":"Walker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1996). Surgery and the tiny baby: Sensorineural outcome at 5 years of age. The Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 32, 167\u2013172.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1996.tb00916.x"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000344728.34332.5d","article-title":"Early exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort","volume":"110","author":"Wilder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000475928","article-title":"Effect of Anesthesia on the Developing Brain: Infant and Fetus","volume":"43","author":"Andropoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"487","article-title":"Associated congenital anomalies between neonates with short-gap and long-gap esophageal atresia: A comparative study","volume":"4","author":"Aslanabadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500570066011","article-title":"Macrocephaly with head growth parallel to normal growth pattern: Neurological, developmental, and computerized tomography findings in full-term infants","volume":"37","author":"Pettit","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.54.4.0504","article-title":"Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces in the infant","volume":"54","author":"Ment","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000120236","article-title":"Benign extra-axial collections of infancy","volume":"12","author":"Carolan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.77.6.901","article-title":"Idiopathic external hydrocephalus: Natural history and relationship to benign familial macrocephaly","volume":"77","author":"Alvarez","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.148.6.1223","article-title":"External hydrocephalus: Radiologic spectrum and differentiation from cerebral atrophy","volume":"148","author":"Maytal","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320380112","article-title":"VATER and hydrocephalus: Distinct syndrome?","volume":"38","author":"Iafolla","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320490133","article-title":"VACTERL with hydrocephalus: A further case with probable autosomal recessive inheritance","volume":"49","author":"Corsello","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"235","article-title":"X-linked VACTERL with hydrocephalus: The VACTERL-H syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Genuardi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33859","article-title":"From VACTERL-H to heterotaxy: Variable expressivity of ZIC3-related disorders","volume":"155A","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(95)00047-J","article-title":"MRI, MRA, and neurodevelopmental outcome following neonatal ECMO","volume":"12","author":"Lago","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33995","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33995","article-title":"Region-specific growth restriction of brain following preterm birth","volume":"6","author":"Iwata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0326","article-title":"Abnormal cerebral structure is present at term in premature infants","volume":"115","author":"Inder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.02.1095","article-title":"Increased Extra-axial Cerebrospinal Fluid in High-Risk Infants Who Later Develop Autism","volume":"82","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.12.023","article-title":"Brain Volumes at Term-Equivalent Age in Preterm Infants: Imaging Biomarkers for Neurodevelopmental Outcome through Early School Age","volume":"172","author":"Keunen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.151.1.171","article-title":"Anomalies of the corpus callosum: Correlation with further anomalies of the brain","volume":"151","author":"Barkovich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0553","article-title":"Detection of impaired growth of the corpus callosum in premature infants","volume":"118","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.025","article-title":"Characterization of the corpus callosum in very preterm and full-term infants utilizing MRI","volume":"55","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001089","article-title":"New white matter brain injury after infant heart surgery is associated with diagnostic group and the use of circulatory arrest","volume":"127","author":"Beca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2004.08.005","article-title":"Larger corpus callosum size with better motor performance in prematurely born children","volume":"28","author":"Rademaker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/9\/12\/383\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:43:04Z","timestamp":1760190184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/9\/12\/383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci9120383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci9120383","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]}}}