{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T12:40:42Z","timestamp":1783946442507,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study assesses the extent of perpetration of physical violence in predominately Hispanic high school students in the Rio Grande Valley, Texas. The relationship between adverse childhood experiences, exposure to interparental violence, attachment, emotion regulation, and impulsivity on two distinct, mutually exclusive, categories of severity of physical teen dating violence (TDV) perpetration is further explored. Participants completed self-report measures as part of a larger, anonymous web-based questionnaire. Two categories (i.e., minor\/moderate and severe) were created to discern the contextual variables associated with different levels of severity of physical violence perpetration by males and females. Eight-hundred and twenty-nine 14- to 18-year-old adolescents from four different high schools participated in the study, of whom 407 reported having been in a dating relationship in the last 12 months. The results demonstrate that when only the most severe item of TDV is taken into consideration, the rates of violence perpetration by males and females are almost equal and remarkably lower than those reported in the literature. However, when the assessment includes minor\/moderate levels of violence, such as pushing, the rates of violence perpetration by females are twice those of males and are consistent with those reported in the literature. Furthermore, different variables are associated with different levels of severity of violence perpetration. The results support approaches that emphasize the need to take the context of the violence into consideration, since all levels are not equal. The need to take the severity of violence into account in studies assessing dating violence is highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs10070118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T10:59:38Z","timestamp":1595242778000},"page":"118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Is All Dating Violence Equal? Gender and Severity Differences in Predictors of Perpetration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-6320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ontiveros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Cantos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5806-6884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruby","family":"Charak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Daniel","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559514551944","article-title":"Pathways from childhood maltreatment to emerging adulthood: Investigating trauma-mediated substance use and dating violence outcomes among child protective services-involved youth","volume":"19","author":"Faulkner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838003262332","article-title":"Dating violence among adolescents: Prevalence, gender distribution, and prevention program effectiveness","volume":"5","author":"Hickman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abus."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12510","article-title":"Teen dating violence: Protective factor trajectories from middle to high school among adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Espelage","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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