{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:27:18Z","timestamp":1783643238548,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NAP-SUG","award":["M4081597 (2015-2021)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M4081597 (2015-2021)"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["26461769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26461769"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human faces convey a range of emotions and psychobiological signals that support social interactions. Multiple factors potentially mediate the facial expressions of emotions across cultures. To further determine the mechanisms underlying human emotion recognition in a complex and ecological environment, we hypothesized that both behavioral and neurophysiological measures would be influenced by stimuli ethnicity (Japanese, Caucasian) in the context of ambiguous emotional expressions (mid-happy, angry). We assessed the neurophysiological and behavioral responses of neurotypical Japanese adults (N = 27, 13 males) involved in a facial expression recognition task. Results uncover an interaction between universal and culturally-driven mechanisms. No differences in behavioral responses are found between male and female participants, male and female faces, and neutral Japanese versus Caucasian faces. However, Caucasian ambiguous emotional expressions which require more energy-consuming processing, as highlighted by neurophysiological results of the Arousal Index, were judged more accurately than Japanese ones. Additionally, a differential Frontal Asymmetry Index in neuronal activation, the signature of an approach versus avoidance response, is found in male participants according to the gender and emotional valence of the stimuli.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs11050059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1619179710000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Recognition of Cross-Cultural Emotional Faces Is Affected by Intensity and Ethnicity in a Japanese Sample"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2532-3423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bonassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy"},{"name":"Mobile and Social Computing Lab, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0855-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Ghilardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9846-5767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Gabrieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2328-868X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Truzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-2492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Doi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Engineering Department, Kokushikan University, Tokyo 154-8515, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8471-6732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Borelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-7085, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1275-2333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Lepri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobile and Social Computing Lab, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Behavior, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9442-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy"},{"name":"Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308222, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2019.1664415","article-title":"Anger and hostility: Are they different? 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