{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:41:10Z","timestamp":1784907670986,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mental Health Foundation"},{"name":"Douglas Harden Trust Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is associated with significant disability, and due to its high prevalence, it results in a substantive socio-economic burden at a global level. TRD is the inability to accomplish and\/or achieve remission after an adequate trial of antidepressant treatments. Studies comparing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and pharmacotherapy have revealed evidence of the therapeutic efficacy of rTMS in TRD. These findings suggest a crucial role for rTMS in the management of TRD. This article aims to conduct a comprehensive scoping review of the current literature concerning the use of rTMS and its therapeutic efficacy as a treatment modality for TRD. PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, and Cinahl were used to identify important articles on rTMS for TRD. The search strategy was limited to English articles within the last five years of data publication. Articles were included if they reported on a completed randomized controlled trial (RCT) of rTMS intervention for TRD. The exclusion criteria involved studies with rTMS for the treatment of conditions other than TRD, and study and experimental protocols of rTMS on TRD. In total, 17 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. The search strategy spanned studies published in the last five years, to the date of the data search (14 February 2022). The regional breakdown of the extracted studies was North American (n = 9), European (n = 5), Asian (n = 2) and Australian (n = 1). The applied frequencies of rTMS ranged from 5 Hz to 50 Hz, with stimulation intensities ranging from 80% MT to 120% MT. Overall, 16 out of the 17 studies suggested that rTMS treatment was effective, safe and tolerated in TRD. For patients with TRD, rTMS appears to provide significant benefits through the reduction of depressive symptoms, and while there is progressive evidence in support of the same, more research is needed in order to define standardized protocols of rTMS application in terms of localization, frequency, intensity, and pulse parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12060195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T11:45:44Z","timestamp":1655466344000},"page":"195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Resistant Depression: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9593-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Medard Kofi","family":"Adu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1E1 Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre (WMC), 8440 112 St NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3717-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reham","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1E1 Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre (WMC), 8440 112 St NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7916-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Chue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1E1 Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre (WMC), 8440 112 St NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2743-0372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent I. O.","family":"Agyapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1E1 Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre (WMC), 8440 112 St NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doktorchik, C., Patten, S., Eastwood, C., Peng, M., Chen, G., Beck, C.A., Jett\u00e9, N., Williamson, T., and Quan, H. (2019). Validation of a case definition for depression in administrative data against primary chart data as a reference standard. BMC Psychiatry, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1990-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2013.783993","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression and schizophrenia: A systematic review of recent meta-analyses","volume":"45","author":"Hovington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Depression in adults: Drug and physical treatments","volume":"2007","author":"Barbui","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"842817","article-title":"Ketamine, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and depression specific yoga and mindfulness based cognitive therapy in management of treatment resistant depression: Review and some data on efficacy","volume":"2015","author":"Pradhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Depress. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990293","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of glutamatergic drugs targeting NMDA receptors and their application in major depression","volume":"19","author":"Serafini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2165\/11530230-000000000-00000","article-title":"Defining and measuring functional","volume":"24","author":"Greer","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.01.004","article-title":"Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: A systematic review","volume":"147","author":"Hawton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"222","article-title":"Defining treatment-resistant depression: A comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Trevino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00231-2","article-title":"Diagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression","volume":"53","author":"Fava","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.5.386","article-title":"Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000","volume":"184","author":"Chatterji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"26","article-title":"The burden of disease for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"62","author":"Greden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment refractory depression","volume":"5","author":"Fawcett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Common Treat. Probl. Depress."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1094412","article-title":"Therapy-Resistant Depressions: Symptoms and Syndromes: Contibutions to Symptomatology and Syndromes","volume":"7","author":"Heimann","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"83","article-title":"Methodological considerations for the study of treatment-resistant depression","volume":"2","author":"Nierenberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv. Neuropsychiatry Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70283-5","article-title":"Definition and epidemiology of treatment-resistant depression","volume":"19","author":"Fava","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1997)5:4<154::AID-DA2>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Treatment-refractory depression: Definitions and characteristics","volume":"5","author":"Berman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0309","article-title":"The cost consequences of treatment-resistant depression","volume":"65","author":"Russell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13r08815","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Gaynes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1905","article-title":"Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: A STAR* D report","volume":"163","author":"Rush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-10-200811180-00008","article-title":"Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants: Background paper for the American College of Physicians","volume":"149","author":"Gartlehner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0185-3","article-title":"Updated review on the clinical use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders","volume":"33","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100074","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2019-100074","article-title":"Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: The evidence thus far","volume":"32","author":"Somani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92413-4","article-title":"Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex","volume":"325","author":"Barker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005","article-title":"Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS)","volume":"58","author":"Klomjai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2006.8.2\/reitan","article-title":"Nonpharmacological, somatic treatments of depression: Electroconvulsive therapy and novel brain stimulation modalities","volume":"8","author":"Eitan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.5.1398","article-title":"Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.09.001","article-title":"A pragmatic randomized controlled trial exploring the relationship between pulse number and response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in depression","volume":"13","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.12.1752","article-title":"Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: A placebo-controlled crossover trial","volume":"154","author":"George","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199510020-00008","article-title":"Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression","volume":"6","author":"George","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroreport Int. J. Rapid Commun. Res. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.01.018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: A multisite randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Solvason","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.46","article-title":"Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: A sham-controlled randomized trial","volume":"67","author":"George","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.033","article-title":"Imbalance between left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression is linked to negative emotional judgment: An fMRI study in severe major depressive disorder","volume":"63","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01048-9","article-title":"A controlled trial of daily left prefrontal cortex TMS for treating depression","volume":"48","author":"George","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.4.315","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression: A double-blind controlled study","volume":"56","author":"Klein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30295-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (THREE-D): A randomised non-inferiority trial","volume":"391","author":"Blumberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.09.007","article-title":"Left versus right repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating major depression: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"210","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2007.01.001","article-title":"A critical overview of the pharmacologic management of treatment-resistant depression","volume":"30","author":"Nierenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00498.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of psychological treatments for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review","volume":"111","author":"McPherson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schatzberg, A.F., Demitrack, M.A., O\u2019Reardon, J.P., Richelson, M., and Thase, M.E. (2007). Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Potential new treatment for resistant depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 68, Available online: https:\/\/www.psychiatrist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/18249_transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-potential-treatment.pdf.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0219"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Glen, S. (2020, December 10). Cohen\u2019s Kappa Statistic [WWW Document]. Stat. How To. Available online: https:\/\/www.statisticshowto.com\/cohens-kappa-statistic\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1123","article-title":"A scoping review of scoping reviews: Advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency","volume":"5","author":"Pham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000387","article-title":"Two Versus One High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Session per Day for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial","volume":"33","author":"Theleritis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000494","article-title":"Neurocognitive Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with a 2-Coil Device in Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"34","author":"Kavanaugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.06.003","article-title":"rTMS with a two-coil array: Safety and efficacy for treatment resistant major depressive disorder","volume":"10","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2019.02.012","article-title":"Baseline effective connectivity predicts response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with treatment-resistant depression","volume":"29","author":"Iwabuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.055","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a standard 4-week protocol of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe treatment resistant depression","volume":"274","author":"Bartholomeus","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01141-y","article-title":"A pilot investigation of accelerated deep transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols in treatment-resistant depression","volume":"271","author":"Milovac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.08.029","article-title":"A randomized, sham-controlled study of maintenance rTMS for treatment-resistant depression (TRD)","volume":"258","author":"Benadhira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.1483","article-title":"Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on treatment-resistant major depression in US veterans: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"Yesavage","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12066","article-title":"Effectiveness of high-frequency left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with treatment-resistant depression: A randomized clinical trial of 37.5-minute vs 18.75-minute protocol","volume":"39","author":"Kito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.04.010","article-title":"Targeting location relates to treatment response in active but not sham rTMS stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Rosen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000680","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in active-duty service members improves depressive symptoms","volume":"36","author":"Roach","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00829-y","article-title":"Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in adolescents: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Croarkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5091","article-title":"Unilateral and bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant late-life depression","volume":"34","author":"Trevizol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2021.1894579","article-title":"Bright light therapy accelerates the antidepressant effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment resistant depression: A pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Barbini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518817417","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and decreases interleukin-1\u03b2 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in elderly patients with refractory depression","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.11.007","article-title":"Can medication free, treatment-resistant, depressed patients who initially respond to TMS be maintained off medications? A prospective, 12-month multisite randomized pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Philip","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2012.718331","article-title":"Targeting IL-1 in depression","volume":"16","author":"Maes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12037","article-title":"Chronic Administration of Infliximab (TNF-\u03b1 Inhibitor) decreases depression and anxiety-like behaviour in rat model of chronic mild stress","volume":"112","author":"Karson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.09.039","article-title":"Umbelliferone reverses depression-like behavior in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced rats by attenuating neuronal apoptosis via regulating ROCK\/Akt pathway","volume":"317","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.98","article-title":"Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in major depressive disorder: State\u2013trait issues, clinical features and pharmacological treatment","volume":"16","author":"Molendijk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67964-6","article-title":"Recent developments and current controversies in depression","volume":"367","author":"Ebmeier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"8","article-title":"The economic and social burden of depression","volume":"62","author":"Sartorius","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68770-9","article-title":"Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: Systematic analysis of population health data","volume":"367","author":"Lopez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.01.001","article-title":"Identifying brain imaging correlates of clinical response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression","volume":"6","author":"Deus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"633","article-title":"Pre-treatment anterior cingulate activity as a predictor of antidepressant response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)","volume":"28","author":"Langguth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.01.008","article-title":"Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: Disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders","volume":"51","author":"Arnsten","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)01219-6","article-title":"Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression","volume":"348","author":"Rubio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.1.88","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of sequential bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"163","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kedzior, K.K., Rajput, V., Price, G., Lee, J., and Martin-Iverson, M. (2012). Cognitive correlates of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treatment-resistant depression-a pilot study. BMC Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-163"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"569","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression\u2013lessons from the multicentre trials","volume":"28","author":"Freudenmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0639-8","article-title":"Opposite impact on 14C-2-deoxyglucose brain metabolism following patterns of high and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the posterior parietal cortex","volume":"176","author":"Payne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059412449752","article-title":"Efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression","volume":"43","author":"Tarhan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"18","article-title":"Pain during transcranial magnetic stimulation in youth","volume":"8","author":"Croarkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000183","article-title":"Anxiety as a central outcome measure in an adolescent with major depressive disorder treated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"30","author":"Segev","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0217","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging-guided, open-label, high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for adolescents with major depressive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Wall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.11m07003","article-title":"Adjunctive use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed adolescents: A prospective, open pilot study","volume":"72","author":"Wall","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, A.J., Charlson, F.J., Norman, R.E., Patten, S.B., Freedman, G., Murray, C.J., Vos, T., and Whiteford, H.A. (2013). Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001547"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12723","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness modeling of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation compared to electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant depression in Singapore","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"476","article-title":"Decision analysis of the cost-effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for treatment of nonpsychotic severe depression","volume":"9","author":"Kozel","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/12\/6\/195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:34:08Z","timestamp":1760139248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/12\/6\/195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["bs12060195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs12060195","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]}}}