{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:32:01Z","timestamp":1760243521917,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]],"date-time":"2022-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the perception that students have about their own cognitive processes is a key aspect that allows for a deeper assimilation of the different factors that affect school performance. However, there is limited evidence explaining the link between students\u2019 perception of their own cognitive functions and their academic performance. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between perception of cognitive functions, such as memory, processing speed, attention, execution of complex tasks and nervousness, and academic performance in Chilean schoolchildren from the province of Biobio. A cross-sectional analytic design was conducted. The sample consisted of 590 elementary school students (12 \u00b1 1.3 years old; 48.3% female) from Chilean public schools. The academic performance was measured by means of the accumulated final grades in the language, mathematics, physical education and health subjects, and the grade point average (GPA) of each student. Moreover, a survey to measure the cognitive functions of the participants was applied. The results show that 20.3% of the students perceived themselves as very nervous and 16.8% felt distracted. Differences in marks were observed in all the measured subjects, as well as in GPAs, depending on the perception of cognitive functions. Thus, the students with low to moderate perceptions of their cognitive functions received lower marks than those who reported a high perception. These results were consistent after a multivariate analysis adjusted for a socio-educational variables model. In conclusion, one in five public school students in the Biob\u00edo Region of Chile expressed a low perception of their cognitive functions, which is consistent with their weaker school performance. Therefore, it is believed that integrating curricular activity and cognitive work could potentially boost the perception of said functions, and thus reduce the risk of poor academic performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12100356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T21:14:28Z","timestamp":1664140468000},"page":"356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perception of Cognitive Functions and Academic Performance in Chilean Public Schools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Valdebenito-Villalobos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Los \u00c1ngeles 4440000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1986-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Antonia","family":"Parra-Rizo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University(VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Campus of Elche, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4722-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasna","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Interdisciplinario en Educaci\u00f3n GIIE, Escuela de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Los \u00c1ngeles 4440000, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad Ciencias Sociales, Estudiante de Doctorado en Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1787-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterin","family":"D\u00edaz-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Los \u00c1ngeles 4440000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Sanzana Vallejos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez Echavarr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Los \u00c1ngeles 4440000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tapia Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Los \u00c1ngeles 4440000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xeny","family":"Godoy Montecinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Los \u00c1ngeles 4440000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Zapata-Lamana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Los \u00c1ngeles 4440000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0418-8787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Cigarroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s, Los \u00c1ngeles 4440000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis del rendimiento acad\u00e9mico de los alumnos de educaci\u00f3n secundaria obligatoria seg\u00fan las variables familiares","volume":"20","author":"Fajardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ. XXI"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"87","article-title":"Rendimiento acad\u00e9mico: Un recorrido conceptual que aproxima a una definici\u00f3n unificada para el \u00e1mbito superior","volume":"20","author":"Grasso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Educ."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"5","article-title":"Poder explicativo de algunos determinantes del rendimiento en los estudios universitarios","volume":"61","author":"Tejedor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Pedagog."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"5","article-title":"Defining and measuring academic success","volume":"20","author":"York","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pract. Assess. Res. Eval."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"95","article-title":"Motivaci\u00f3n escolar, inteligencia emocional y rendimiento acad\u00e9mico en estudiantes de educaci\u00f3n secundaria obligatoria","volume":"32","author":"Salavera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Actual. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-50062021000100013","article-title":"Factores asociados al rendimiento acad\u00e9mico en estudiantes universitarios","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Form. Univ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.15359\/ree.17-3.4","article-title":"Factores asociados al rendimiento acad\u00e9mico en estudiantes universitarios desde el nivel socioecon\u00f3mico: Un estudio en la Universidad de Costa Rica","volume":"17","author":"Garbanzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Electr\u00f3nica Educ."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"391","article-title":"El rendimiento acad\u00e9mico en la transici\u00f3n secundaria-universidad","volume":"22","author":"Fita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037681","article-title":"Why Does Self-Reported Emotional Intelligence Predict Job Performance? A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Mixed EI","volume":"100","author":"Joseph","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pychol."},{"unstructured":"OCDE (2022, September 23). Estudiantes de Bajo Rendimiento. Por Qu\u00e9 se Quedan Atr\u00e1s y C\u00f3mo Ayudarles a Tener \u00c9xito. Resultados Principales. Available online: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/pisa\/keyfindings\/PISA-2012-Estudiantes-de-bajo-rendimiento.pdf.","key":"ref_10"},{"unstructured":"Agencia Calidad de la Educaci\u00f3n (2022, September 23). PISA 2018. Entrega de Resultados, Available online: http:\/\/archivos.agenciaeducacion.cl\/PISA_2018-Entrega_de_Resultados_Chile.pdf.","key":"ref_11"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100422","article-title":"Working memory: Theories, models, and controversies","volume":"63","author":"Baddeley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.11.003","article-title":"Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment","volume":"106","author":"Alloway","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-4415v32n60a03","article-title":"Los m\u00e9todos de resoluci\u00f3n de problemas y el desarrollo del pensamiento matem\u00e1tico","volume":"32","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bolema"},{"unstructured":"Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., and Mangun, G. (2018). Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of Mind, W. W. Norton & Company. [5th ed.].","key":"ref_16"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"51","article-title":"Tendencias actuales de la resoluci\u00f3n de problemas","volume":"19","author":"Gaulin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sigma"},{"unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, E., and D\u00edaz, D. (2007). Una Aproximaci\u00f3n Psicosocial al Estr\u00e9s Escolar, Educaci\u00f3n y Educadores. Available online: http:\/\/www.scielo.org.co\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0123-12942007000200002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es.","key":"ref_18"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmclc.2018.11.005","article-title":"Metodolog\u00eda de los tipos y dise\u00f1os de estudio m\u00e1s frecuentemente utilizados en investigaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica","volume":"30","author":"Manterola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9dica Cl\u00ednica Condes"},{"unstructured":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n de Chile (2021, December 16). Nuevas Bases Curriculares y Programas de Estudio 7\u00b0 y 8\u00b0 a\u00f1o de Educaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica\/1\u00b0 y 2\u00b0 de Educaci\u00f3n Media. Cartilla de Orientaciones T\u00e9cnicas, Available online: http:\/\/bibliotecadigital.mineduc.cl\/\/handle\/20.500.12365\/14463.","key":"ref_20"},{"unstructured":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n de Chile (2021, December 16). Bases Curriculares Primero a Sexto B\u00e1sico. Bases Curriculares Prim a Sexto B\u00e1sico, Available online: http:\/\/bibliotecadigital.mineduc.cl\/\/handle\/20.500.12365\/2342.","key":"ref_21"},{"unstructured":"Encina, Y., and \u00c1vila, M. (2015). Validaci\u00f3n de una Escala de Estr\u00e9s Cotidiano en Escolares Chilenos, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa, Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda. Available online: http:\/\/www.scielo.org.pe\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0254-92472015000200005&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es.","key":"ref_22"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solis-Urra, P., Olivares-Arancibia, J., Suarez-Cadenas, E., Sanchez-Martinez, J., Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez, F., Ortega, F.B., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Castro-Pi\u00f1ero, J., and Veloz, A. (2019). Study protocol and rationale of the \u201ccogni-action project\u201d a cross-sectional and randomized controlled trial about physical activity, brain health, cognition, and educational achievement in schoolchildren. BMC Pediatr., 19.","key":"ref_23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1639-8"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.32641\/andespediatr.v92i4.3317","article-title":"Aumento de horas de pantalla se asocia con un bajo rendimiento escolar","volume":"92","author":"Ibarra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andes Pediatr."},{"unstructured":"Agencia de Calidad de la Educaci\u00f3n (2022, September 23). Gu\u00eda para Comprender la Categor\u00eda de Desempe\u00f1o y Orientar las Rutas de Mejora, Available online: http:\/\/archivos.agenciaeducacion.cl\/guia_para_comprender_categoria_de_desempeno.pdf.","key":"ref_25"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, J., McIntyre, J., and Kucirkova, N. (2021). Gender equality, human development, and PISA results over time. Soc. Sci., 10.","key":"ref_26","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci10120480"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"19","article-title":"Executive functions and high intellectual capacity in school-age: Completely Overlap?","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"345","article-title":"Homework involvement and motivation in elementary school students according to academic achievement and grade","volume":"5","author":"Valle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"109","article-title":"Rendimiento previo e implicaci\u00f3n en los deberes escolares de los estudiantes de los \u00faltimos cursos de educaci\u00f3n primaria","volume":"25","author":"Regueiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psicol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"163","article-title":"Estr\u00e9s acad\u00e9mico","volume":"7","author":"Alfonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Edumecentro"},{"unstructured":"Trianes, M. (2013). Estr\u00e9s en la Infancia: Su Prevenci\u00f3n y Tratamiento, Narcea Ediciones. [3rd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/libro?codigo=322442.","key":"ref_31"},{"unstructured":"Llanas, C., Moreno, S., Sand\u00edn, B., Valiente, R.M., and Chorot, P. (2016). \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 los Alumnos de Secundaria y Bachiller Rechazan ir a Clase? An\u00e1lisis del Absentismo Escolar Justificado, Razones del Mismo y Miedos Escolares en una Muestra de Estudiantes de Secundaria y Bachiller. En J.L. Castej\u00f3n Costa (coord.). Psicolog\u00eda y Educaci\u00f3n: Presnte y Futuro, Actas del congreso ACIPE. Available online: https:\/\/rua.ua.es\/dspace\/bitstream\/10045\/64122\/1\/Psicologia-y-educacion_236.pdf.","key":"ref_32"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rendimiento acad\u00e9mico: Su relaci\u00f3n con la memoria de trabajo","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Actual. Investig. Educ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150525","article-title":"The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after","volume":"35","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Bajo rendimiento acad\u00e9mico en estudiantes y disfuncionalidad familiar","volume":"19","author":"Barreto","year":"2015","journal-title":"MediSan"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"102","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n entre apoyo familiar y el rendimiento acad\u00e9mico en estudiantes colombianos de educaci\u00f3n primaria","volume":"21","author":"Lastre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psicogente"},{"unstructured":"Agencia de Calidad de la Educacion (2022, September 23). Nuevo Sistema Nacional de Evaluaci\u00f3n de Aprendizajes, Available online: http:\/\/archivos.agenciaeducacion.cl\/Sistema_Nacional_de_Evaluacion_17abr.pdf.","key":"ref_37"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2008.08.004","article-title":"The Chilean instructional pattern for the teaching of language: A video-survey study based on a national program for the assessment of teaching","volume":"19","author":"Preiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-22282010000200007","article-title":"Patrones de discurso observados en el aula de matem\u00e1tica de segundo ciclo b\u00e1sico en Chile","volume":"19","author":"Radovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psykhe"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2009.01.008","article-title":"Does lengthening the school day increase students\u2019 academic achievement? results from a natural experiment in Chile","volume":"28","author":"Bellei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Econ. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2006.03.003","article-title":"Two decades of research on teacher-student relationships in class","volume":"43","author":"Wubbels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"611","article-title":"Tiempo de aprender. el aprovechamiento de los periodos en el aula","volume":"21","author":"Razo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Investig. Educ."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"41","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n entre funciones ejecutivas y rendimiento acad\u00e9mico por asignaturas en escolares de 6 a 12 a\u00f1os","volume":"21","author":"Fonseca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Neuropsicol. Neuropsquiatr\u00eda Neurocienc."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"83","article-title":"Adolescent development","volume":"52","author":"Steinberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"El Estr\u00e9s escolar en la infancia: Una reflexi\u00f3n te\u00f3rica","volume":"12","author":"Palacio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cuad. Neuropsicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-75182021000100041","article-title":"H\u00e1bitos alimentarios y rendimiento acad\u00e9mico en escolares chilenos de quinto a octavo a\u00f1o b\u00e1sico","volume":"48","author":"Olea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"235","article-title":"Association between sleep disorders and academic performance: Finding of health survey and academic performance in the Bio-Bio province 2018","volume":"93","author":"Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andes Pediatr."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zapata-Lamana, R., Sanhueza-Campos, C., Stuardo-\u00c1lvarez, M., Ibarra-Mora, J., Mardones-Contreras, M., Reyes-Molina, D., V\u00e1squez-G\u00f3mez, J., Lasserre-Laso, N., Poblete-Valderrama, F., and Petermann-Rocha, F. (2021). Anxiety, Low Self-Esteem and a Low Happiness Index Are Associated with Poor School Performance in Chilean Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","key":"ref_48","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111685"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872019000500579","article-title":"Depressive symptomatology and psychological well-being among Chilean university students","volume":"147","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chile"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5354\/2452-5855.2021.61188","article-title":"Programas de intervenci\u00f3n educativa","volume":"2","author":"Cerda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Pedagog."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/12\/10\/356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:38:58Z","timestamp":1760143138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/12\/10\/356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["bs12100356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs12100356","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-328X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]}}}