{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T14:59:09Z","timestamp":1773154749973,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We examined how a newly proposed facet of rumination, that is, the (in)ability to let go, might relate to other aspects of rumination and to psychological outcomes. Methods: In two independent samples (n = 423 and 329, resp.) of college students, we measured a broad set of rumination and rumination-related measures, letting go, anxiety and dysphoria; in the second sample, we also collected data on mindfulness, self-compassion and eudemonic well-being. Results: Factor analysis of rumination and rumination-related measures yielded three factors: (a) negative intrusive thought; (b) reflectiveness; and (c) the inability to let go. Repetitive intrusive thought and the ability to let go were significant (and thus partially independent) predictors for the three outcomes of anxiety, dysphoria, and wellbeing. The inability to let go and repetitive intrusive thought significantly mediated between mindfulness and all three outcomes. Conclusions: The findings suggest that letting go is a potentially interesting aspect of rumination not fully captured in the traditional concept of rumination and its standard measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12100369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T21:03:10Z","timestamp":1664485390000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Letting Go as an Aspect of Rumination and Its Relationship to Mindfulness, Dysphoria, Anxiety, and Eudemonic Well-Being"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jesse R.","family":"Caswell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya N.","family":"Duggirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Verhaeghen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103573","article-title":"Reflecting on rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of rumination","volume":"127","author":"Watkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","article-title":"Rethinking rumination","volume":"3","author":"Wisco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2009.2.3.235","article-title":"Thought control strategies, thought suppression, and rumination in depression","volume":"2","author":"Watkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cogn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930500473533","article-title":"The association between rumination and negative affect: A review","volume":"20","author":"Thomsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.003","article-title":"The perseverative thinking questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking","volume":"42","author":"Ehring","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.5.1041","article-title":"Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: Clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination","volume":"77","author":"Lyubomirsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.2.339","article-title":"Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination","volume":"65","author":"Lyubomirsky","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.2.163","article-title":"Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought","volume":"134","author":"Watkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721410370293","article-title":"Cognitive Inhibition and Emotion Regulation in Depression","volume":"19","author":"Joormann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.06.001","article-title":"Shedding light on the association between repetitive negative thinking and deficits in cognitive control\u2013A meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Zetsche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023910315561","article-title":"Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis","volume":"27","author":"Treynor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-007-9142-1","article-title":"Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking","volume":"32","author":"Frewen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022982210284","article-title":"Letting go: For physical, emotional, and spiritual health","volume":"38","author":"Gow","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Kabat-Zinn, J. (1998). Toward the Mainstreaming of American Dharma Practice, as Cited in A, Buddhism in America."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA7503_04","article-title":"On assessing individual differences in rumination on sadness","volume":"75","author":"Conway","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Personal. Assess."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.05.017","article-title":"Depressive symptoms as a function of sex-role, rumination, and neuroticism","volume":"40","author":"Wupperman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.06.026","article-title":"Mindfulness, Big Five personality, and affect: A meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Giluk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01939","article-title":"Anxiety and depression mediate the relationship between insomnia symptoms and the personality traits of conscientiousness and emotional stability","volume":"5","author":"Akram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12734","article-title":"Complex mediating effects of rumination facets between personality traits and depressive symptoms","volume":"56","author":"Lyon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.141","article-title":"On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being","volume":"52","author":"Ryan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000414","article-title":"Investigating the relationships between subjective well-being and psychological well-being over two decades","volume":"19","author":"Joshanloo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2010.528072","article-title":"Insight, rumination, and self-reflection as predictors of well-being","volume":"145","author":"Harrington","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00296","article-title":"Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): A framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness","volume":"6","author":"Vago","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-018-0959-3","article-title":"The mindfulness manifold: Exploring how self-preoccupation, self-compassion, and self-transcendence translate mindfulness into positive psychological outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Verhaeghen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-022-00888-4","article-title":"Mind full of kindness: Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence as vehicles for compassion","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-019-01243-2","article-title":"How the mindfulness manifold relates to the five moral foundations, prejudice, and awareness of privilege","volume":"11","author":"Verhaeghen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-019-09343-y","article-title":"The examined life is wise living: The relationship between mindfulness, wisdom, and the moral foundations","volume":"27","author":"Verhaeghen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adult Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191107313003","article-title":"Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples","volume":"15","author":"Baer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.18.2.192","article-title":"The mini-IPIP scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality","volume":"18","author":"Donnellan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.2.284","article-title":"Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection","volume":"76","author":"Trapnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Trani, A., Rubinsztain, V., and Verhaeghen, P. The Broad Rumination Scale. in preparation, in preparation."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00311.x","article-title":"Chronic thought suppression","volume":"62","author":"Wegner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P.R., and Jacobs, G.A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Consulting Psychologists Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.4.719","article-title":"The structure of psychological well-being revisited","volume":"69","author":"Ryff","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.702","article-title":"Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self-compassion scale","volume":"18","author":"Raes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2006.08.003","article-title":"Initial psychometric properties of the experiences questionnaire: Validation of a self-report measure of decentering","volume":"38","author":"Fresco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760500510833","article-title":"Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with big five personality and attachment style","volume":"1","author":"Shiota","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Posit. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-006-9068-z","article-title":"Distinct expressions of vital spirituality: The ASP questionnaire as an explorative research tool","volume":"46","author":"Ostermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.01.006","article-title":"How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and well-being? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies","volume":"37","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.08.011","article-title":"Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression","volume":"25","author":"Sheppard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/12\/10\/369\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:41:41Z","timestamp":1760143301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/12\/10\/369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["bs12100369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs12100369","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]}}}