{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T13:47:30Z","timestamp":1770040050977,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2022YFH0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFH0016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the lack of quantitative descriptions on the interaction between psychological factors and the built environment in existing urban bus travel behavior, this study examines the simultaneous influences of the objective-built environment and subjective psychological factors on bus travel intentions. An empirical study on the influence path of bus travel intention was conducted using structural equation modeling. Then, personal attribute factors were introduced, and a linear regression model was used to explore the influence of behavioral intentions. This study uses 410 investigated samples from the residents in Zhengzhou, China. The findings proved that psychological factors play mediating roles between the travel environment and its impact on travel behaviors and confirms the validity of the description of the measurement variable with respect to the bus travel intentions proposed in the study. We also found that the retirement factor among the personal attribute factors could significantly affect bus travel intentions, which means that the retired group prefers to use buses for traveling. This study shows innovations in catching the intermediary effect of psychological factors between the built environment and travel behavior while also quantifying the effects of both subjective and objective factors when choosing bus travel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12110462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:13:36Z","timestamp":1669004016000},"page":"462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of Subjective and Objective Factors on Bus Travel Intention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3792-0594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"},{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2476-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibo","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traffic & Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Yan, Y., and Chen, Q. (2022). Evaluation Method of Composite Development Bus Terminal Using Multi-Source Data Processing. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11101757"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13454","article-title":"Coordination Behavior in Mode Choice: Laboratory Study of Equilibrium Transformation and Selection","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.08.007","article-title":"The Effect of Transport Policies on Car Use: Evidence from Latin American Cities","volume":"107","author":"Gallego","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.15446\/dyna.v81n188.40081","article-title":"Restricting the Use of Cars by License Plate Numbers: A Misguided Urban Transport Policy","volume":"81","author":"Cantillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"DYNA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2017.03.001","article-title":"The Effects of Driving Restrictions on Travel Behavior Evidence from Beijing","volume":"102","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"121","article-title":"Study on the Intention of Low Carbon Travel Behavior of Residents Considering the Space and Environment of Blocks","volume":"2","author":"Hui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Urban Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00475-0","article-title":"How the Built Environment Affects Physical Activity: Views from Urban Planning","volume":"23","author":"Handy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Yan, Y., Zhang, X., and Chen, J. (2022). A Study on the Impact of Built Environment Elements on Satisfaction with Residency Whilst Considering Spatial Heterogeneity. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142215011"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/01944361003766766","article-title":"Travel and the Built Environment: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"76","author":"Ewing","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.5198\/jtlu.2019.1337","article-title":"Examining Interaction Effects among Land-Use Policies to Reduce Household Vehicle Travel: An Exploratory Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Land Use"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1068\/a4236","article-title":"Effects of Built Environments on Vehicle Miles Traveled: Evidence from 370 US Urbanized Areas","volume":"42","author":"Cervero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X16688767","article-title":"Testing Newman and Kenworthy\u2019s Theory of Density and Automobile Dependence","volume":"38","author":"Ewing","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plan. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060290032033","article-title":"Location Efficiency: Neighborhood and Socio-Economic Characteristics Determine Auto Ownership and Use\u2014Studies in Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco","volume":"25","author":"Holtzclaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transp. Plan. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.M.C., Kato, H., and Phan, L.B. (2020). Is Built Environment Associated with Travel Mode Choice in Developing Cities? Evidence from Hanoi. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145773"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhao, C., Liu, X., Chen, X., Li, C., Wang, T., Wu, J., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Non-Linear Effects of the Built Environment and Social Environment on Bus Use among Older Adults in China: An Application of the Xgboost Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189592"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8848741","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8848741","article-title":"Psychological Influences on Bus Travel Mode Choice: A Comparative Analysis between Two Chinese Cities","volume":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Zhao, S., Ma, J., and Qin, W. (2021). Investigating Regional and Generational Heterogeneity in Low-Carbon Travel Behavior Intention Based on a PLS-SEM Approach. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13063492"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"128","article-title":"Travel Mode Choice Behavior Model of Public Transit Incorporating Environmental Concern and Habit","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2019.100625","article-title":"What Moves Us: Subjective and Objective Predictors of Active Transportation","volume":"15","author":"Grabow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.01.004","article-title":"The Impact of Online Brand Community Characteristics on Customer Engagement: An Application of Stimulus-Organism-Response Paradigm","volume":"34","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2017.1385773","article-title":"The Influence of Hospitable Design and Service on Patient Responses","volume":"38","author":"Suess","year":"2018","journal-title":"Serv. Ind. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"215","article-title":"Does Store Environment Influence People with Disability\u2019s (PWD) in-Store Experience and Approach Behaviour? An Empirical Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Putit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"111","article-title":"Travel Decision-Making Behaviors of Urban Electric Bicycle Users Considering Psychological Latent Variables","volume":"232","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Inf. Saf."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"117","article-title":"A Study of the Effectiveness of Epidemic Prevention Policies on Public Transit Usage Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviors ZHANG","volume":"39","author":"Xinming","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Inf. Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"121","article-title":"Choice Behavior Model of Urban Public Transport Considered the Psychological Factors Affecting","volume":"17","author":"Jian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2020.06.012","article-title":"Why Travelers Trust and Accept Self-Driving Cars: An Empirical Study","volume":"22","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.08.004","article-title":"Joint Analysis of the Spatial Impacts of Built Environment on Car Ownership and Travel Mode Choice","volume":"60","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0471-5","article-title":"The Neighbourhood Physical Environment and Active Travel in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Cerin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, T., and Lao, Y. (2022). A Study on the Walkability of Zijingang East Campus of Zhejiang University: Based on Network Distance Walk Score. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141711108"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101393","article-title":"The Relationship between Walk Score\u00ae and Perceived Walkability in Ultrahigh Density Areas","volume":"23","author":"Koohsari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2022.06.011","article-title":"How the Built Environment Promotes Public Transportation in Wuhan: A Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression Analysis","volume":"29","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.07.006","article-title":"Vehicle Kilometers Traveled Reduction Impacts of Transit-Oriented Development: Evidence from Shanghai City","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.08.028","article-title":"Measuring Daily Accessed Street Greenery: A Human-Scale Approach for Informing Better Urban Planning Practices","volume":"191","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2016.09.024","article-title":"Measuring Visual Enclosure for Street Walkability: Using Machine Learning Algorithms and Google Street View Imagery","volume":"76","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.08.041","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of the Built Environment and Commuting Programs on Commute Mode Choice","volume":"118","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2013.12.009","article-title":"The Analysis of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore Metropolitan Areas","volume":"32","author":"Nasri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.02.009","article-title":"Applying Gradient Boosting Decision Trees to Examine Non-Linear Effects of the Built Environment on Driving Distance in Oslo","volume":"110","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, Y., and Liu, L. (2017). How Green Are the Streets? An Analysis for Central Areas of Chinese Cities Using Tencent Street View. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171110"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"6","article-title":"How Built Environments Affect Urban Older Adults\u2019 Mental Health: Contrasting Perspective of Observation and Perception","volume":"31","author":"Yafei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Urban Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2307\/249524","article-title":"A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the EUCS Instrument","volume":"18","author":"Doll","year":"1994","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105319829536","article-title":"Gender and Racial\/Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Intentions and Willingness to Smoke Cigarettes: Evaluation of a Structural Equation Model","volume":"26","author":"Epperson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102869","article-title":"Association between Subway and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from Xi\u2019an, China","volume":"96","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"4731","article-title":"Prediction for the Performance of Gas Turbine Units Using Multiple Linear Regression","volume":"37","author":"Chuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. CSEE"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2443","article-title":"Thermal Environment Effects of Urban Human Settlements and Influencing Factors Based on Multi-Source Data: A Case Study of Changsha City","volume":"75","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACTA Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"81","article-title":"Factors Impacting Spatial Distribution of Bike Sharing Based on GWR Mode","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Guan, H., Zhu, H., and Zhu, J. (2019). Analysis of Travel Mode Choice Behavior Considering the Indifference Threshold. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11195495"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287517721370","article-title":"Predictors of Intention to Travel to Cuba across Three Time Horizons: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior","volume":"57","author":"Jordan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.07.007","article-title":"Is Transport Poverty Socially or Environmentally Driven? Comparing the Travel Behaviours of Two Low-Income Populations Living in Central and Peripheral Locations in the Same City","volume":"116","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, J., Qi, J., Cui, C., Yan, J., Dai, Q., and Yang, H. (2021). Research on the Impact of the Built Environment on the Characteristics of Metropolis Rail Transit School Commuting\u2014Take Wuhan as an Example. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189885"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/12\/11\/462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:21:52Z","timestamp":1760145712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/12\/11\/462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["bs12110462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs12110462","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]}}}