{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:11:08Z","timestamp":1760148668695,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aims to provide basic data for minimizing exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) by confirming the relationship between exposure to SHS and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods: Using the third year data of the eighth National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 3874 people were selected as subjects. Complex sampling analysis was applied to all analyses, and 307 people were exposed to the SHS group (SHSG) and 3567 people were not exposed to the SHS group (NSHSG). Complex sample linear regression analysis was conducted to confirm the effect of exposure to SHS on oral health and GAD. Results: Among oral-health-related factors, exposure to SHS in Korean adults was related to the presence of implants. Additionally, exposure to SHS had a significant effect on GAD despite adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and oral-health-related factors (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: In this study, the relationship between passive smoking and GAD was confirmed. Therefore, to reduce GAD, oral health management is necessary and exposure to SHS should be minimized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13060455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T02:39:47Z","timestamp":1685587187000},"page":"455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Differences in Oral Health and Generalized Anxiety Disorder According to Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Public Places"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yu-Rin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene, Silla University, 140 Baegyang-daero 700 Beon-gil, Sasang-gu, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyeung-Ae","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene, Silla University, 140 Baegyang-daero 700 Beon-gil, Sasang-gu, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023, February 23). 2021 National Health Statistics-National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 8th Year, 3rd Year, Available online: https:\/\/www.index.go.kr\/unify\/idx-info.do?idxCd=4237."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4040\/jkan.2005.35.2.344","article-title":"A study on health-related quality of life, smoking knowledge, smoking attitude, and smoking cessation intention in male smokers","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.7586\/jkbns.2016.18.4.213","article-title":"Influence of knowledge about lung cancer, attitude and preventive health behavior about cancer on nicotine dependency in smoking male college students","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Korean Biol. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Oberg, M., Woodward, A., Jaakkola, M.S., Peruga, A., and Pruss-Ustun, A. (2010). Global Estimate of the Burden of Disease from Second-Hand Smoke."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.05.005","article-title":"Secondhand smoke exposure in childhood and adulthood in relation to adult mortality among never smokers","volume":"55","author":"Diver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"101","article-title":"Association between secondhand smoke exposure and depressive symptoms among Korean adults","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts200","article-title":"Protecting the world from secondhand tobacco smoke exposure: Where do we stand and where do we go from here?","volume":"15","author":"Barnoya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/143177","article-title":"Association between exposure to secondhand smoking at home and tooth loss in Japan: A cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey","volume":"19","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tob. Induc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12577","article-title":"Does second-hand smoke associate with tooth loss among older Japanese? JAGES cross-sectional study","volume":"70","author":"Umemori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539520957846","article-title":"Associations between secondhand smoke and mental health in Korean adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"29","article-title":"Association between secondhand smoke exposure and mental health in Korean adults","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean Public Health Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60827-1","article-title":"Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: Evidence for action","volume":"378","author":"Kieling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200015060-00002","article-title":"Disabilities and quality of life in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey","volume":"15","author":"Wittchen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.21032\/jhis.2022.47.3.222","article-title":"Association between second-hand smoke and generalized anxiety disorder in Korean adolescents: Based on the 17th Korea South Risk Behavior Survey","volume":"47","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Health Inform. Stat."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare (2017). The Survey of Mental Disorders in Korea 2016."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4306\/jknpa.2012.51.1.16","article-title":"Diagnosis and psychological assessment of generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2016009","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2016009","article-title":"Secondhand smoke exposure and mental health problems in Korean adults","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181c6c8b5","article-title":"Secondhand smoke exposure and depressive symptoms","volume":"72","author":"Bandiera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.07.014","article-title":"Secondhand smoke exposure across the life course and the risk of adult-onset depression and anxiety disorder","volume":"168","author":"Taha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.08.006","article-title":"Major depression and secondhand smoke exposure","volume":"225","author":"Patten","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-017-0467-6","article-title":"Associations between household secondhand smoke exposure and health problems among non-smoking adolescents in the Republic of Korea","volume":"38","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prim. Prev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, S.J., Shin, A., and Kang, D. (2015). Active smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke and their relationship to depressive symptoms in the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES). BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2402-1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2014.06.004","article-title":"Secondhand smoke exposure, parental depressive symptoms and preschool behavioral outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Bauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2013.08.016","article-title":"Exposure to secondhand smoke and depression and anxiety: A report from two studies in the Netherlands","volume":"75","author":"Bot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2012.04.001","article-title":"Association of secondhand smoke exposure with mental health in men and women: Cross-sectional and prospective analyses using the UK Health and Lifestyle Survey","volume":"28","author":"Lam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.03.053","article-title":"Chronic nicotine and smoking treatment increases dopamine transporter mRNA expression in the rat midbrain","volume":"363","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20329","article-title":"Chronic nicotine and smoke treatment modulate dopaminergic activities in ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens and the gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor expression of the rat prefrontal cortex","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"207","article-title":"Effect of attention feedback awareness and control training on attention bias and generalized anxiety symptoms in college students","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.35371\/kjoem.2011.23.1.42","article-title":"Second-hand smoke exposure and urine cotinine levels by occupation in the Busan, Ulsan, Kyeongnam Provinces","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.11149\/jkaoh.2021.45.3.145","article-title":"Effect of secondhand smoking on gingival pain and bleeding in non-smoking adolescents in South Korea","volume":"45","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.2.253","article-title":"Environmental tobacco smoke and periodontal disease in the United States","volume":"91","author":"Arbes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2009.01223.x","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation mediates nicotine-induced enhancement of experimental periodontitis","volume":"44","author":"Breivik","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023, February 02). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK53017\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.14816\/sky.2020.31.4.251","article-title":"The effect of social desirability bias on the measurement of self-reported response","volume":"31","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stud. Korean Youth"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.76","article-title":"Objectively assessed secondhand smoke exposure and mental health in adults: Cross-sectional and prospective evidence from the Scottish Health Survey","volume":"67","author":"Hamer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ITC49","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201904020","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"170","author":"DeMartini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/13\/6\/455\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:46:40Z","timestamp":1760125600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/13\/6\/455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["bs13060455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs13060455","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-328X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]}}}