{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T15:07:36Z","timestamp":1780931256006,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001840","name":"Icelandic Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["185323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["185323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001840","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive theories of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) feature appraisal of trauma as a critical factor in the development and maintenance of the disorder. Here we explored appraisals of social trauma (severe rejection or humiliation). Participants were outpatients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and clinically significant PTSD symptoms (PTSS) after social trauma (n = 15); two clinical control groups of either SAD (n = 32) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; n = 13); and a control group with no diagnoses (n = 38). Measures included a clinical interview to assess social trauma and related open-ended appraisals and the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI). Raters blind to group assignment performed content analyses of appraisals. Results showed that the PTSS group scored significantly higher than either clinical group on the PTCI SELF subscale. Only the SELF subscale predicted a diagnosis of both PTSS and SAD. All but one PTSS participant reported primarily negative beliefs about their social trauma, and the most common categories were flawed self and others are critical or cruel. Post-traumatic appraisals implicated in the course of PTSD are significant in how individuals respond to social trauma, with negative self-cognitions linked to both PTSS and SAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13070577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T01:05:01Z","timestamp":1689123901000},"page":"577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Appraisals of Social Trauma and Their Role in the Development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3598-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann P.","family":"Hardarson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berglind","family":"Gudmundsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Services, Landspitali\u2014The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audur G.","family":"Valdimarsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Gudmundsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnrun","family":"Tryggvadottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristjana","family":"Thorarinsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2609-5664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inga","family":"Wessman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soley","family":"Davidsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icelandic Center for Treatment of Anxiety Disorders, 108 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Tomasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audur S.","family":"Thorisdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andri S.","family":"Bjornsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0","article-title":"A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"38","author":"Ehlers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. 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