{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:22:18Z","timestamp":1791382938337,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n familiar y escolar: Socializaci\u00f3n emocional en contextos de diversidad social y cultural","award":["1191956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1191956"]}]},{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n familiar y escolar: Socializaci\u00f3n emocional en contextos de diversidad social y cultural","award":["11191041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11191041"]}]},{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n familiar y escolar: Socializaci\u00f3n emocional en contextos de diversidad social y cultural","award":["1231178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1231178"]}]},{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n familiar e intercultural en contexto mapuche: hacia una articulaci\u00f3n educativa en perspectiva decolonial","award":["1191956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1191956"]}]},{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n familiar e intercultural en contexto mapuche: hacia una articulaci\u00f3n educativa en perspectiva decolonial","award":["11191041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11191041"]}]},{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n familiar e intercultural en contexto mapuche: hacia una articulaci\u00f3n educativa en perspectiva decolonial","award":["1231178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1231178"]}]},{"name":"Ambivalencia sociocultural y educativa en contexto mapuche: tensi\u00f3n epist\u00e9mica de docentes con estudiantes y padres de familia","award":["1191956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1191956"]}]},{"name":"Ambivalencia sociocultural y educativa en contexto mapuche: tensi\u00f3n epist\u00e9mica de docentes con estudiantes y padres de familia","award":["11191041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11191041"]}]},{"name":"Ambivalencia sociocultural y educativa en contexto mapuche: tensi\u00f3n epist\u00e9mica de docentes con estudiantes y padres de familia","award":["1231178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1231178"]}]},{"name":"Research Department of the Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco (Chile)","award":["1191956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1191956"]}]},{"name":"Research Department of the Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco (Chile)","award":["11191041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11191041"]}]},{"name":"Research Department of the Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco (Chile)","award":["1231178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1231178"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the study was to specify an abbreviated model of the school coexistence questionnaire for non-violence (CENVI) for students from 5th to 8th grade (9 to 14 years old), in order to determine the perception of violence and management of school coexistence, and the differences between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students. A total of 1870 students from schools in the city of Temuco (Chile) responded to the CENVI questionnaire. There were two samples: (1) Pandemic, with online, face-to-face and hybrid classes; and (2) Post-pandemic, with face-to-face classes. Sample 1 consisted of 848 students aged 9 to 15 years (M = 11.90; SD = 1.27). Sample 2 consisted of 1022 students aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.46; SD = 1.14). The questionnaire was validated using expert inter-judgment and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A good fit of the proposed model to the data and good internal consistency measured according to the composite reliability were found, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Mapuche students perceived more physical violence and social exclusion. Cut-off points were proposed for the interpretation of the results. In the data, the effect of Coexistence Management on School Violence was null. The discussion approaches the findings from the literature on education in spaces of socio-cultural diversity in a Mapuche context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13080686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T10:47:02Z","timestamp":1692269222000},"page":"686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Validation of an Abbreviated Scale of the CENVI Questionnaire to Evaluate the Perception of School Violence and Coexistence Management of Chilean Students: Differences between Pandemic and Post-Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2999-0162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Troncoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4810296, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n y Psicolog\u00eda, Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda y Antropolog\u00eda, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y de Artes, Universidad Mayor, Temuco 4801043, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2592-5571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Cuadrado-Gordillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n y Psicolog\u00eda, Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda y Antropolog\u00eda, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4307-6649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Riquelme-Mella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4810296, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7019-2701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Troncoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Filosof\u00eda y Humanidades, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3359-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgardo","family":"Miranda-Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Temuco 4810101, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Aprendizaje Basado en la Comunidad, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica Silva Henr\u00edquez, Santiago 8330226, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6603-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Bizama-Colihuinca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4810296, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1436-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Legaz-Vlad\u00edmirskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Filosof\u00eda y Humanidades, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Valdivia 5110693, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohmeyer, B., and Threadgold, S. (2023). Bullying Affects: The Affective Violence and Moral Orders of School Bullying. Crit. Stud. Educ., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1080\/17508487.2023.2193421"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"394","article-title":"Symbolic Gender Violence in School Settings: A Literature Review","volume":"19","author":"Pasalagua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Conrado"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9717","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231168818","article-title":"Transition from School Violence Victimization to Reporting Victimized Experiences: A Latent Transition Analysis","volume":"38","author":"No","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"MINEDUC (2022). Cuenta P\u00fablica Participativa 2021, Super Intendencia de Educaci\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-07052020000300213","article-title":"Del Aprendizaje En Escenarios Presenciales al Aprendizaje Virtual En Tiempos de Pandemia","volume":"46","author":"Aguilar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Estud. Pedag\u00f3gicos"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e1362","article-title":"Acoso Escolar Cibern\u00e9tico En El Contexto de La Pandemia Por COVID-19","volume":"59","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Cuba. De Med."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Jord\u00e1n, M.B., and Lira, E. (2021). Violencia Escolar y Ciberbullying En El Contexto de La COVID-19. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidad de Zaragoza]."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"CEPAL (2020). La Educaci\u00f3n En Tiempos de La Pandemia de COVID-19, CEPAL."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Maturana, H. (1999). Transformaci\u00f3n en la Convivencia, Paid\u00f3s."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, F. (2022). Investigaciones Te\u00f3ricas y Experiencias Pr\u00e1cticas para la Equidad en Educaci\u00f3n, Dykinson S. L.. Vega, C., Vico, A., Coordinators."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-07052017000300012","article-title":"Elaboraci\u00f3n y Validaci\u00f3n Psicom\u00e9trica Del Cuestionario de Convivencia Escolar Para La No Violencia (CENVI)","volume":"43","author":"Becerra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Estud. Pedag\u00f3g."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Weber, M. (1998). El Pol\u00edtico y el Cient\u00edfico, Alianza Editorial. el libro de bolsillo."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Weber, M. (2012). Historia Econ\u00f3mica General, Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Galtung, J. (2016). Cuadernos de Estrategia 183. Pol\u00edtica y Violencia: Comprensi\u00f3n Te\u00f3rica y Desarrollo en la Acci\u00f3n Colectiva, Ministerio de Defensa."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Han, B.C. (2013). Topolog\u00eda de la Violencia, Herder. Pensamiento Herder."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.4067\/s0034-98872021000400543","article-title":"Violencia Contra La Mujer Durante La Gestaci\u00f3n y Postparto Infligida Por Su Pareja En Centros de Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de La Zona Norte de Santiago, Chile","volume":"149","author":"Mella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9d. Chile"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krug, E., Dahlberg, L., Mercy, J., Zwi, A., and Lozano, R. (2002). World Report on Violence and Health, World Health Organization.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11133-0"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"WHO (2014). La Prevenci\u00f3n de La Violencia: Evaluaci\u00f3n de Los Resultados de Programas de Educaci\u00f3n Para Padres, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.04.002","article-title":"Divergence in Aggressors\u2019 and Victims\u2019 Perceptions of Bullying: A Decisive Factor for Differential Psychosocial Intervention","volume":"33","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01222","article-title":"Analysis of Moral Disengagement as a Modulating Factor in Adolescents\u2019 Perception of Cyberbullying","volume":"10","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2020.1833380","article-title":"Bullying Victimization, Negative Emotions, and Digital Self-Harm: Testing a Theoretical Model of Indirect Effects","volume":"43","author":"Meldrum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Deviant Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2021.1920049","article-title":"Behavioral and Psychological Consequences of Social Identity-Based Aggressive Victimization in High School Youth","volume":"21","author":"Utley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.17811\/rifie.49.4.2020.373-384","article-title":"Incidencia de Los Distintos Tipos de Violencia Escolar En Educaci\u00f3n Primaria y Secundaria","volume":"49","author":"Tellado","year":"2020","journal-title":"AULA_ABIERTA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghanem, N. (2021). The Effect of Violence in Childhood on School Success Factors in US Children. Child Abus. Negl., 120.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105217"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.35362\/rie550525","article-title":"Mejora de La Eficacia Escolar En Iberoam\u00e9rica","volume":"55","author":"Murillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"RIEOEI"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"470","article-title":"La Violencia Escolar a Trav\u00e9s de Un Recorrido Te\u00f3rico Por Los Diversos Programas Para Su Prevenci\u00f3n a Nivel Mundial y Latinoamericano","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Univ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2017.1279740","article-title":"Bullying in Schools: The State of Knowledge and Effective Interventions","volume":"22","author":"Menesini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4067\/s0717-554x2019000200145","article-title":"El Uso de Las Definiciones de Violencia Escolar Como Un Problema Te\u00f3rico","volume":"65","author":"Guajardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cinta Moebio"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Ascorra, P., and L\u00f3pez, V. (2019). Una d\u00e9cada de Investigaci\u00f3n en Convivencia Escolar, Ediciones Universidad de Valpara\u00edso."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"7","article-title":"\u00bfUna Segunda Etapa de La Emergencia Ind\u00edgena En Am\u00e9rica Latina?","volume":"29","author":"Bengoa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cuad. De Antropol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"INE (2018). Resultados CENSO 2017, Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edsticas."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Correa, M., and Mella, E. (2010). Las Razones Del Illkun\/Enojo: Memoria Despojo y Criminalizaci\u00f3n En El Territorio Mapuche de Malleco, LOM: Observatorio de Derechos de los Pueblos Ind\u00edgenas. Ciencias humanas. Etnohistoria y antropolog\u00eda."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"37","article-title":"Educaci\u00f3n intercultural desde la teor\u00eda del control cultural en contexto de diversidad sociocultural mapuche","volume":"3","author":"Quilaqueo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cuad. Intercult."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Troncoso, F., Cuadrado-Gordillo, I., Riquelme-Mella, E., Miranda-Zapata, E., and Ortiz-Velosa, E. (2023). Perception of School Violence: Indicators of Normalization in Mapuche and Non-Mapuche Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010024"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-3539201502031038","article-title":"Predominancia de La Educaci\u00f3n Emocional Occidental En Contexto Indigena: Necesidad de Una Educaci\u00f3n Culturalmente Pertinente","volume":"20","author":"Riquelme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psicol. Esc. Educ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-07052019000200061","article-title":"Creencias de Los Adultos Sobre La Emoci\u00f3n de Los Ni\u00f1os: Una Propuesta de Exploraci\u00f3n En Contextos de Diversidad Cultural","volume":"45","author":"Riquelme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Estud. Pedag\u00f3gicos"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00034","article-title":"Beliefs About Children\u2019s Emotions in Chile","volume":"11","author":"Halberstadt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Quilaqueo, D., and Quintriqueo, S. (2017). M\u00e9todos Educativos Mapuches: Retos de La Doble Racionalidad Educativa. Aportes Para Un Enfoque Educativo Intercultural, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Quintriqueo, S., and Quilaqueo, D. (2019). Manual de Aplicaci\u00f3n Modelo de Intervenci\u00f3n Educativa Intercultural En Contexto Ind\u00edgena, Ediciones Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4067\/S0719-26812022000100042","article-title":"Kimeltuw\u00fcn En La Transposici\u00f3n Did\u00e1ctica Como Marco de An\u00e1lisis de Pr\u00e1cticas Pedag\u00f3gicas En Microcentros Rurales de La Araucan\u00eda","volume":"67","author":"Zapata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Di\u00e1logo Andin."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"651","article-title":"La Paradoja Entre Cultura y Realidad: El Esfuerzo de Criar Ni\u00f1os y Ni\u00f1as Mapuche En Comunidades Ind\u00edgenas de Chile","volume":"4","author":"Castro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chungar\u00e1"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Quidel, J., and Pichinao, J. (2002). Haciendo Crecer Personas Peque\u00f1as En El Pueblo Mapuche. Santiago de Chile, Secretar\u00eda Ministerial de Educaci\u00f3n de La Araucan\u00eda, Unidad de Educaci\u00f3n Parvularia, Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n de Chile."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-07052021000100391","article-title":"Educaci\u00f3n Familiar e Intercultural En Contexto Mapuche: Hacia Una Articulaci\u00f3n Educativa En Perspectiva Decolonial","volume":"47","year":"2021","journal-title":"Estud. Pedag\u00f3g."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bizama-Colihuinca, K., Riquelme-Mella, E., Fuentes-Vilugr\u00f3n, G., and Mu\u00f1oz-Troncoso, F. (2023). Teaching of Educational Contents Expressing Mapuche Values to 2 Children in Initial Education in La Araucan\u00eda Region, Chile. Educ. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13070683"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Escolarizaci\u00f3n Socio-Hist\u00f3rica En Contexto Mapuche: Implicancias Educativas, Sociales y Culturales En Perspectiva Intercultural","volume":"40","author":"Quintriqueo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Quilaqueo, D., Sartorello, S., and Torres, H. (2020). Di\u00e1logo de Saberes En Educaci\u00f3n Intercultural: Conflicto Epist\u00e9mico En Contextos Ind\u00edgenas de Chile y M\u00e9xico, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Quintriqueo, S., and Quilaqueo, D. (2019). Educaci\u00f3n e Interculturalidad: Aproximaci\u00f3n Cr\u00edtica y Decolonial en Contexto Ind\u00edgena, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Salas, R., and Le Bonniec, F. (2015). Les Mapuche \u00e0 la Mode: Modes D\u2019existence et de R\u00e9sistance au Chili, en Argentine et au-del\u00e0, L\u2019Harmattan."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/14675981003696271","article-title":"Education of Ethnic Minority Children in Denmark: Monocultural Hegemony and Counter Positions","volume":"21","author":"Horst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intercult. Educ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/00309230.2016.1270338","article-title":"\u201cEducation, Empire and the Heterogeneity of Investigative Modalities\u201d: A Reassessment of Colonial Surveys on Indigenous Indian Education","volume":"53","author":"Kakkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paedagog. Hist."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1080\/01425692.2014.1001059","article-title":"Reproducing Monocultural Education: Ethnic Majority Staff\u2019s Discursive Constructions of Monocultural School Practices","volume":"37","author":"Mampaey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sociol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/sena.12046","article-title":"Mapuche Demands during Educational Reform, the Penguin Revolution and the Chilean Winter of Discontent","volume":"13","author":"Webb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stud. Ethn. Natl."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Ruiz, K., and Sol\u00eds, G. (2020). Prejuicios \u00c9tnico-Culturales Hacia El Pueblo Mapuche En Estudiantes No Mapuches de Ense\u00f1anza Media En La Araucan\u00eda, Tesis de Mag\u00edster, Santo Tom\u00e1s."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"MINEDUC (2023, January 10). Circular Que Imparte Instrucciones Sobre Reglamentos Internos de Los Establecimientos Educacionales de Ense\u00f1anza B\u00e1sica y Media Con Reconocimiento Oficial Del Estado. Available online: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3OWZoeo."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"MINEDUC (2021). Est\u00e1ndares Indicativos de Desempe\u00f1o, MINEDUC. Unidad de Curr\u00edculum y Evaluaci\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"MINEDUC (2023, March 15). Plan de Gesti\u00f3n de Convivencia Escolar: \u00bfQu\u00e9 Debemos Saber?. Available online: https:\/\/www.supereduc.cl\/contenidos-de-interes\/plan-de-gestion-de-convivencia-escolar\/."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Bisquerra, R. (2019). Metodolog\u00eda de la Investigaci\u00f3n Educativa, La Muralla. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n, O., and Montero, I. (2015). Metodos de Investigacion Psicologia y Educacion: Las Tradiciones Cuantitativa y Cualitativa, McGraw-Hill. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"McMillan, J., and Schumacher, S. (2005). Investigaci\u00f3n Educativa: Una Introducci\u00f3n Conceptual, Pearson Educaci\u00f3n. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2011.557296","article-title":"The Singapore Statement on Research Integrity","volume":"18","author":"Resnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Account. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"MINSAL (2006). Ley 20.120, Sobre La Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica En El Ser Humano, Su Genoma, y Prohibe La Clonaci\u00f3n Humana, Ministerio de Sauld, Subsecretar\u00eda de Salud P\u00fablica. Available online: https:\/\/www.bcn.cl\/leychile\/navegar?idNorma=253478."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"124","article-title":"La Validaci\u00f3n Por Juicio de Expertos: Dos Investigaciones Cualitativas En Ling\u00fc\u00edstica Aplicada","volume":"18","author":"Robles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Nebrija De Ling\u00fc\u00edstica Apl."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"11","article-title":"La Aplicaci\u00f3n Del Juicio de Experto Como T\u00e9cnica de Evaluaci\u00f3n de Las Tecnolog\u00edas de La Informaci\u00f3n y Comunicaci\u00f3n (TIC)","volume":"7","author":"Cabrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eduweb. Rev. Tecnol. Inf. Comun. Educ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1157\/13057542","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Su Utilidad En La Validaci\u00f3n de Cuestionarios Relacionados Con La Salud","volume":"122","author":"Coenders","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Brown, T. (2014). Methodology in the Social Sciences, The Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Bentler, P.M. (1989). EQS Structural Equations Program Manual, BMDP Statistical Software."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","article-title":"Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures","volume":"88","author":"Bentler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., and Black, W. (1999). An\u00e1lisis Multivariante, Prentice Hall. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"McDonald, R. (1999). Test Theory: A Unified Treatment, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"625","article-title":"El Coeficiente Omega: Un M\u00e9todo Alternativo Para La Estimaci\u00f3n de La Confiabilidad","volume":"15","author":"Ventura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Cienc. Soc. Ni\u00f1ez Juv."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"L\u00e9vy, J.P., and Varela, J. (2006). Modelizaci\u00f3n con Estructuras de Covarianza en Ciencias Sociales: Temas Avanzados, Esenciales y Aportes Especiales, Netbiblo."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"L\u00e9vy, J.P., and Varela, J. (2006). Modelizaci\u00f3n con Estructuras de Covarianza en Ciencias Sociales: Temas Avanzados, Esenciales y Aportes Especiales, Netbiblo."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Microsoft (2023). Microsoft Excel 2023, Microsoft."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"IBM Corp (2020). SPSS Statistics 2020, IBM Corp."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"RStudio Team (2022). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio 2022, RStudio Team."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L.K., and Muth\u00e9n, B.O. (2022). MPlus 8.1, Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"HHU (2020). G*Power 3.1.9.7, HHU."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2444","article-title":"Coloniser Control and the Art of Disremembering a \u201cDark History\u201d: Duality in Australia Day and Australian History","volume":"30","author":"Lipscombe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"59","article-title":"El Conflicto Por El Aer\u00f3dromo En El Natre, En Temuco, 1956. La Construcci\u00f3n de Un Imaginario Colectivo Sobre El Mapuche a Trav\u00e9s de El Diario Austral","volume":"17","author":"Porma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Estud. Trasandinos"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, F., and Mu\u00f1oz, G. (2021). Muros de Discriminaci\u00f3n & Exclusi\u00f3n en la Construcci\u00f3n de Identidades: La Mirada de las Ciencias Sociales, Dykinson S. L.. Cot\u00e1n, A., Ru\u00edz, J., Coordinators."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/0046760X.2016.1268214","article-title":"British Teachers\u2019 Transnational Work within and beyond the British Empire after the Second World War","volume":"46","author":"Whitehead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hist. Educ."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"MINEDUC (2023, February 20). Estad\u00edsticas de Denuncias. Available online: https:\/\/www.supereduc.cl\/categoria-estudios-estadisticas\/denuncias-es\/."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Le Foulon, C. (2022). Estudio Nacional de Opini\u00f3n P\u00fablica. Febrero-Julio, CEP. Encuesta Especial CEP 87."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"61","article-title":"Interculturalidad y (de) Colonialidad: Perspectivas Cr\u00edticas y Pol\u00edticas","volume":"15","author":"Walsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Visao Glob."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Troncoso, F., Cuadrado-Gordillo, I., Riquelme-Mella, E., Mu\u00f1oz-Troncoso, G., Miranda-Zapata, E., Bizama-Colihuinca, K., and Legaz-Vad\u00edmisrkaya, E. (2023, August 10). CENVI_27. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/WTEAN8."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/13\/8\/686\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:35:26Z","timestamp":1760128526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/13\/8\/686"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bs13080686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs13080686","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]}}}