{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T13:13:57Z","timestamp":1784380437207,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior-Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior-Brasil (CAPES)","award":["88882.453894\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.453894\/2019-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"scholarship from the CAPES program at the doctoral level","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"scholarship from the CAPES program at the doctoral level","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88882.453894\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.453894\/2019-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aetiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) presents a puzzle for researchers. Recent research has sought to understand the behavioural and neural mechanisms of these patients\u2019 persistent choice of calorie restriction. This scoping review aims to map the literature on the contribution of habit-based learning to food restriction in AN. PRISMA-ScR guidelines were adopted. The search strategy was applied to seven databases and to grey literature. A total of 35 studies were included in this review. The results indicate that the habit-based learning model has gained substantial attention in current research, employing neuroimaging methods, scales, and behavioural techniques. Food choices were strongly associated with dorsal striatum activity, and habitual food restriction based on the self-report restriction index was associated with clinical impairment in people chronically ill with restricting AN. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) and Regulating Emotions and Changing Habits (REaCH) have emerged as potential treatments. Future research should employ longitudinal studies to investigate the time required for habit-based learning and analyse how developmental status, such as adolescence, influences the role of habits in the progression and severity of diet-related illnesses. Ultimately, seeking effective strategies to modify persistent dietary restrictions controlled by habits remains essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13110883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T06:19:58Z","timestamp":1698214798000},"page":"883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Habits and Persistent Food Restriction in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ismara Santos Rocha","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-907, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3730-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Garcia-Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology, The \u201cFederico Ol\u00f3riz\u201d Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2728-0431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia Fortes Cavalcanti","family":"de Mac\u00eado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-907, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina Marcia Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Nepomuceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Metropolitan Union of Education and Culture, Lauro de Freitas 42702-420, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emile Miranda","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Elpis Addictions Treatment Service, Salvador 41940-650, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9644-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla de Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-907, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2968-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Duarte Ferreira","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-907, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f4nica Leila Portela","family":"de Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-907, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic, and American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30059-3","article-title":"Eating Disorders","volume":"395","author":"Treasure","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000739","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa","volume":"34","author":"Hoek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.113","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa: 30-year outcome","volume":"216","author":"Dobrescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74","article-title":"Mortality Rates in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa and Other Eating Disorders: A Meta-Analysis of 36 Studies","volume":"68","author":"Arcelus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13261","article-title":"Five-year mortality of severely malnourished patients with chronic anorexia nervosa admitted to a medical unit","volume":"143","author":"Guinhut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet (2020). Eating Disorders: Innovation and Progress Urgently Needed. Lancet, 395, 840.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30573-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Burgos, D., Wilhelm, P., V\u00f6gele, C., and Munsch, S. (2023). Food Restriction in Anorexia Nervosa in the Light of Modern Learning Theory: A Narrative Review. Behav. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13020096"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23265","article-title":"Habits are stronger with longer duration of illness and greater severity in anorexia nervosa","volume":"53","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00418","article-title":"Neuroscience of Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa: Implications for Family-Based Treatment (FBT)","volume":"11","author":"Mysliwiec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"30","article-title":"How Anxiety and Habits Contribute to Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"36","author":"Rufin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psichiatr. Times"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17789.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding anorexia nervosa","volume":"8","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"41","article-title":"Neurobiological Underpinnings of Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"95","author":"Tasneem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Univ. Tor. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-016-0106-2","article-title":"Neurobiological Model of the Persistence of Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"4","author":"Steinglass","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.051","article-title":"An Investigation of Habit Learning in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"244","author":"Godier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.02.012","article-title":"A Reward-Centred Model of Anorexia Nervosa: A Focussed Narrative Review of the Neurological and Psychophysiological Literature","volume":"52","author":"Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13868","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2602-15.2015","article-title":"How Does the Brain Implement Adaptive Decision-Making to Eat?","volume":"35","author":"Compan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12081074","article-title":"The Enigmatic Persistence of Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"170","author":"Walsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20244","article-title":"Habit Learning and Anorexia Nervosa: A Cognitive Neuroscience Hypothesis","volume":"39","author":"Steinglass","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0928-5","article-title":"The role of habits in anorexia nervosa: Where we are and where to go from here?","volume":"20","author":"Uniacke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033417","article-title":"Psychology of Habit","volume":"67","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMAScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 Statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2020). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, Available online: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38636.593461.68","article-title":"Effectiveness and Efficiency of Search Methods in Systematic Reviews of Complex Evidence: Audit of Primary Sources","volume":"331","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13521","article-title":"White Matter Microstructure in Habit and Reward Circuits in Anorexia Nervosa: Insights from a Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging Study","volume":"147","author":"Murray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seidel, M., Joseph, A.K., F\u00fcrtjes, S., Labitzke, N., Wronski, M.L., Boehm, I., Hennig, J., Gramatke, K., Roessner, V., and Ehrlich, S. (2022). Increased Habit Frequency in the Daily Lives of Patients with Acute Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193905"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23597","article-title":"Use of High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe the Neural Circuitry of Food Choice in Anorexia Nervosa: A Proof-of-Concept Study","volume":"54","author":"Muratore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"174","article-title":"Behavioral and neural mechanisms of food choice among adolescents with anorexia nervosa","volume":"Volume 46","author":"Steinglass","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95300-3","article-title":"White Matter Tracts Characteristics in Habitual Decision-Making Circuit Underlie Ritual Behaviors in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"11","author":"Tadayonnejad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00402-y","article-title":"Changes in brain and behavior during food-based decision-making following treatment of anorexia nervosa","volume":"9","author":"Foerde","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6616","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138532","article-title":"Cholinergic dysfunction in the dorsal striatum promotes habit formation and maladaptive eating","volume":"130","author":"Favier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23267","article-title":"The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on food choice-related self-control in patients with severe, enduring anorexia nervosa","volume":"53","author":"Dalton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14592","article-title":"Pavlovian-to-instrumental Transfer in Anorexia Nervosa: A pilot study on conditioned learning and instrumental responding to low-and high-calorie food stimuli","volume":"51","author":"Vogel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104480","article-title":"Basal Ganglia Volume and Shape in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"144","author":"Leppanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"33","article-title":"Computational and Neural Systems underpinning maladaptive behavior in anorexia nervosa","volume":"Volume 44","author":"Steinglass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49884-6","article-title":"Goal-Directed vs. Habitual Instrumental Behavior during Reward Processing in Anorexia Nervosa: An FMRI Study","volume":"9","author":"Steding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24402","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity of networks associated with reward and habit in anorexia nervosa","volume":"40","author":"Haynos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171800020X","article-title":"Targeting Habits in Anorexia Nervosa: A Proof-of-Concept Randomized Trial","volume":"48","author":"Steinglass","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2017.03.005","article-title":"Won\u2019t Stop or Can\u2019t Stop? Food Restriction as a Habitual Behavior among Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa or Atypical Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"26","author":"Coniglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.09.001","article-title":"How extreme dieting becomes compulsive: A novel hypothesis for the role of anxiety in the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa","volume":"108","author":"Lloyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.08.005","article-title":"Altered neural efficiency of decision making during temporal reward discounting in anorexia nervosa","volume":"55","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4136","article-title":"Neural Mechanisms Supporting Maladaptive Food Choices in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"18","author":"Foerde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.09.016","article-title":"Compulsivity Predicts Fronto Striatal Activation in Severely Anorectic Individuals","volume":"197","author":"Rothemund","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.04.007","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa as a motivated behavior: Relevance of anxiety, stress, fear and learning","volume":"152","author":"Guarda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00778","article-title":"Compulsivity in Anorexia Nervosa: A Transdiagnostic Concept","volume":"5","author":"Godier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.07.007","article-title":"Hungry for Reward: How Can Neuroscience Inform the Development of Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa?","volume":"62","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2174\/157340007779815691","article-title":"Self-regulatory control and habit learning in the development of eating disorders","volume":"3","author":"Marsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"237","article-title":"Structural Hyperconnectivity of a corticostriatal circuit involved in habitual decision-making in anorexia nervosa and its associations with compulsive behaviors","volume":"Volume 44","author":"Tadayonnejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"719","article-title":"Dysregulation of habit formation and vulnerability to eating disorders: Role of Striatal cholinergic interneurons","volume":"37","author":"Favier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003542","article-title":"Restrictive Eating across a Spectrum from Healthy to Unhealthy: Behavioral and Neural Mechanisms","volume":"52","author":"Foerde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.02.078","article-title":"Neural and behavioral mechanisms of food decision making across a spectrum of restrictive eating","volume":"87","author":"Foerde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.08.032","article-title":"Restrictive Food Choice Shows Neurological Signature of Habit","volume":"100","author":"Steinglass","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.07.372","article-title":"43.1 Linking brain and behavior: Neural mechanisms of persistent illness in anorexia nervosa","volume":"10","author":"Steinglass","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Method"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.10.4.607","article-title":"Habit formation among regular exercisers at fitness centres: An exploratory study","volume":"10","author":"Tappe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.052159","article-title":"Healthy feeding habits: Efficacy results from a cluster-randomised, controlled exploratory trial of a novel, habit-based intervention with parents","volume":"98","author":"McGowan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01951.x","article-title":"Reflections on past behavior: A self-report index of habit strength","volume":"33","author":"Verplanken","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02494-3","article-title":"Neural activation of regions involved in food reward and cognitive control in young females with anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa versus healthy controls","volume":"13","author":"Eddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12061-3","article-title":"Clinical evaluation and resting state fMRI analysis of virtual reality based training in Parkinson\u2019s disease through a randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Hajebrahimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-210307","article-title":"Effect and mechanism of mirror therapy on lower limb rehabilitation after ischemic stroke: A fMRI study","volume":"51","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666171017111532","article-title":"Neural Network Alterations Across Eating Disorders: A Narrative Review of fMRI Studies","volume":"16","author":"Steward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v9.i1.5","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging and the brain: A brief review","volume":"9","author":"Chow","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ugurbil, K. (2016). What is feasible with imaging human brain function and connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging?. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 371.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0361"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv307","article-title":"Enhanced habit formation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Delorme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00234","article-title":"Slips of Action and Sequential Decisions: A Cross-Validation Study of Tasks Assessing Habitual and Goal-Directed Action Control","volume":"10","author":"Sjoerds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12066","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1088-12.2012","article-title":"Corticostriatal connectivity underlies individual differences in the balance between habitual and goal-directed action control","volume":"32","author":"Watson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4507-04.2005","article-title":"Double dissociation of basolateral and central amygdala lesions on the general and outcome-specific forms of pavlovian-instrumental transfer","volume":"25","author":"Corbit","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00153","article-title":"The three principles of action: A Pavlovian-instrumental transfer hypothesis","volume":"7","author":"Cartoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00195","article-title":"An Adaptation of Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) Methodology to Examine the Energising Effects of Reward-Predicting Cues on Behavior in Young Adults","volume":"11","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1159\/000525579","article-title":"Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer across Mental Disorders: A Review","volume":"81","author":"Garbusow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1348\/014466607X230876","article-title":"Habit vs. intention in the prediction of future behaviour: The role of frequency, context stability and mental accessibility of past behaviour","volume":"47","author":"Danner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-009-0230-6","article-title":"Associative theories of goal-directed behaviour: A case for animal\u2013human translational models","volume":"73","author":"Dickinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2010_83","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral flexibility in anorexia nervosa","volume":"6","author":"Friederich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868921","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.868921","article-title":"Cognitive and Experienced Flexibility in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder","volume":"13","author":"Sternheim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691621994226","article-title":"Habits and Goals in Human Behavior: Separate but Interacting Systems","volume":"17","author":"Wood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23160","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa and diffusion weighted imaging: An open methodological question raised by a systematic review and a fractional anisotropy anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Meneguzzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.131","article-title":"Human and rodent homologies in action control: Corticostriatal determinants of goal-directed and habitual action","volume":"35","author":"Balleine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3205-16.2017","article-title":"Goal-Directed and Habit-Like Modulations of Stimulus Processing during Reinforcement Learning","volume":"37","author":"Luque","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.09.022","article-title":"Towards understanding rTMS mechanism of action: Stimulation of the DLPFC causes network-specific increase in functional connectivity","volume":"162","author":"Tik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2022.101207","article-title":"Associative learning and high-level cognitive processes in the control of food-related behaviors","volume":"47","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"141","article-title":"Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews","volume":"13","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Implement."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/13\/11\/883\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:11:29Z","timestamp":1760130689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/13\/11\/883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["bs13110883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs13110883","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]}}}