{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:39:58Z","timestamp":1787917198490,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research operating","award":["106683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106683"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research operating","award":["UL1TR002538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002538"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research operating","award":["KL2TR002539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR002539"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR002539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR002539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social support is well documented, few studies have tested the causal pathways explaining this association at several points in the acute post-trauma recovery period or examined whether the association varies for different sources of social support. To address these gaps, 151 community individuals (mean age = 37.20 years, 69.5% women) exposed to trauma within the previous 6 months were recruited to complete measures of PTSD and social support from intimate partners, friends, and relatives four times in 1 year. In line with recent recommendations for research on social support and PTSD symptoms, random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling (RI-CLPM) was used to examine dynamic changes between PTSD severity and social support over time. The pattern of RI-CLPM cross-lagged coefficients indicated that positive deviations from one\u2019s expected stable level of total social support (across all sources) sped up the recovery of PTSD symptoms at the end of the post-trauma year, and more severe PTSD symptoms than expected based on one\u2019s expected stable level of PTSD started eroding social support midway through the assessment year. When specific sources of social support were analyzed separately, the association between within-person increases in social support from friends at any given time point accelerated the recovery from PTSD across the entire year. Among participants with intimate partners (n = 53), intimate partner support did not predict PTSD symptoms, but more severe PTSD symptoms at any given time point predicted less support at the following time point. Results from this longitudinal study provide additional support for the bidirectional relationship between PTSD and social support over time and suggest that perceived social support from friends may be especially helpful during trauma recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14040284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T06:33:16Z","timestamp":1711693996000},"page":"284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Sources of Social Support and Trauma Recovery: Evidence for Bidirectional Associations from a Recently Trauma-Exposed Community Sample"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Sippel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Northeast Program Evaluation Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"},{"name":"National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Liebman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9885-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, 55122 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2961-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Ennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra C.","family":"Mattern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Rozek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice M.","family":"Monson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). 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