{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:42:22Z","timestamp":1781534542721,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs when an individual experiences a traumatic event that exceeds the limits of psychological endurance. Many veterans experience PTSD. PTSD can negatively impact veterans\u2019 quality of life, functioning, life satisfaction, and overall well-being. It is important to analyze the concept of PTSD in the veteran population. This concept analysis aimed to investigate the defining attributes, a model case, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents related to the concept of PTSD among veterans. Walker and Avant\u2019s method was used to guide this concept analysis of PTSD. The results showed that three attributes were determined from the analysis: intrusive memories of traumatic events, feelings of isolation and estrangement, and negative cognitions. PTSD is conceptualized as a collection of symptoms that arise from highly traumatic experiences. The military environment predisposes veterans to traumatic events that should be identified or acknowledged. A better understanding of the concept of PTSD can facilitate the development of effective interventions for the veteran population and enhance their mental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14060485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T08:05:17Z","timestamp":1717747517000},"page":"485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans: A Concept Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tormechi","family":"Chambliss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Lung","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), New Taipei City 236, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-1066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei-Lan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.038","article-title":"Psychometric property study of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in Chinese healthcare workers during the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019","volume":"277","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"623","article-title":"PTSD Treatment for Veterans: What\u2019s Working, What\u2019s New, and What\u2019s Next","volume":"41","author":"Reisman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0686-1","article-title":"DSM-5 Criteria and Its Implications for Diagnosing PTSD in Military Service Members and Veterans","volume":"18","author":"Guina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.043","article-title":"Evaluating the stability of DSM-5 PTSD symptom network structure in a national sample of U.S. military veterans","volume":"229","author":"Fried","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2023, December 12). PTSD History and Overview, Available online: https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/treat\/essentials\/history_ptsd.asp#one."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2023, December 12). PTSD and DSM-5, Available online: https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/treat\/essentials\/dsm5_ptsd.asp."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.09.008","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Gender and Veteran Status","volume":"54","author":"Lehavot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000093","article-title":"Predicting engagement in psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, or both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy among returning veterans seeking PTSD treatment","volume":"13","author":"Haller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Serv."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Cohen Veteran Bioscience (2024, January 15). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Available online: https:\/\/www.cohenveteransbioscience.org\/resource\/about-brain-trauma\/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd\/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=googlegrant&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiAzJOtBhALEiwAtwj8tilFhsNjbf3eRuRFuAg8fr8qAuqWdUdRkAxwnD0pndHwlLRFDVxRfhoClNMQAvD_BwE."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559883","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.559883","article-title":"Self-Disgust Is Associated With Loneliness, Mental Health Difficulties, and Eye-Gaze Avoidance in War Veterans with PTSD","volume":"11","author":"Ypsilanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health (2024, February 10). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Available online: https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e708","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz078","article-title":"The Impact of Trust, Satisfaction, and Perceived Quality on Preference for Setting of Future Care Among Veterans With PTSD","volume":"184","author":"Haro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.05.007","article-title":"A network analysis of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder and functional impairment in UK treatment-seeking veterans","volume":"57","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001369","article-title":"The role of PTSD symptom severity and relationship functioning in male and female veterans\u2019 mental health service use","volume":"15","author":"Harper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000556","article-title":"A randomized trial of an online, coach-assisted self-management PTSD intervention tailored for women veterans","volume":"89","author":"Lehavot","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1118-y","article-title":"Stigmatisation, perceived barriers to care, help seeking and the mental health of British Military Personnel","volume":"50","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000546474.26324.05","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans: Treatments and risk factors for nonadherence","volume":"31","author":"Newman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAAPA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000212","article-title":"Failure to engage: A qualitative study of veterans who decline evidence-based psychotherapies for PTSD","volume":"15","author":"Hundt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Serv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000341","article-title":"Problem recognition and treatment beliefs relate to mental health utilization among veteran primary care patients","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Serv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700613","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1700613","article-title":"The journey to professional mental health support: A qualitative exploration of the barriers and facilitators impacting military veterans\u2019 engagement with mental health treatment","volume":"10","author":"Rafferty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2009.72.3.238","article-title":"A qualitative study of determinants of PTSD treatment initiation in veterans","volume":"72","author":"Sayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Maryville University (2023, August 22). Understanding Veterans with PTSD. Available online: https:\/\/online.maryville.edu\/online-bachelors-degrees\/psychology\/understanding-a-veteran-with-ptsd\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000386","article-title":"Sticking it out in trauma-focused treatment for PTSD: It takes a village","volume":"87","author":"Meis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"32","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder: From diagnosis to prevention","volume":"5","author":"Miao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Walker, L.O., and Avant, K.C. (2019). Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing, Pearson Education. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, J.J., and McCarthy, G. (2016). Nursing Concept Analysis: Applications to Research and Practice, Springer Publishing Company.","DOI":"10.1891\/9780826126825.0001"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Merriam Webster (2023, December 12). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Available online: https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/post-traumatic%20stress%20disorder."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Oxford Learner\u2019s Dictionaries (2023, December 10). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Available online: https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/us\/definition\/english\/post-traumatic-stress-disorder?q=Post-traumatic+stress+disorder."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2024, February 13). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Available online: https:\/\/ahdictionary.com\/word\/search.html?q=posttraumatic+stress+disorder."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"The American Psychological Association Dictionary of Psychology (2023, August 12). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Available online: https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/posttraumatic-stress-disorder."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/2047-3095.12177","article-title":"Concept Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"29","author":"Sekhon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"American Psychological Association (2023, October 12). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of PTSD. Available online: https:\/\/www.apa.org\/ptsd-guideline\/ptsd.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22443","article-title":"Benefits of a Psychodynamic Group Therapy (PGT) Model for Treating Veterans With PTSD","volume":"73","author":"Levi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-018-9925-6","article-title":"Posttraumatic Cognitions and Suicidal Ideation Among Veterans Receiving PTSD Treatment","volume":"42","author":"Horwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognit Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2008.06.001","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress: A Concept Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Nayback","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e223","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx071","article-title":"Military-tailored yoga for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"183","author":"Cushing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic (2024, April 28). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Symptoms & Causes. Available online: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/post-traumatic-stress-disorder\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355967."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2024, May 03). What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Available online: https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/ptsd\/what-is-ptsd#:~:text=People%20with%20PTSD%20have%20intense,or%20estranged%20from%20other%20people."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic (2024, April 30). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis & Treatment. Available online: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/post-traumatic-stress-disorder\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20355973."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001152","article-title":"The cognitive, emotional, and behavioral sequelae of trauma exposure: An integrative approach to examining trauma\u2019s effect","volume":"15","author":"Rizeq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Pravikoff, D.R.P.F. (2018). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Military Personnel, CINAHL Nursing Guide."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2020.1766666","article-title":"Combat exposure and co-occurring mental health problems in UK Armed Forces personnel","volume":"31","author":"Chui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2021.07.004","article-title":"Military sexual trauma and adverse mental and physical health and clinical comorbidity in women veterans","volume":"31","author":"Sumner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2015.11.008","article-title":"Rural Women Veterans\u2019 Use and Perception of Mental Health Services","volume":"30","author":"Ingelse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1385739","article-title":"Describing the profile of a population of UK veterans seeking support for mental health difficulties","volume":"28","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001018","article-title":"Psychosocial well-being among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder","volume":"14","author":"Blakey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"13","article-title":"Effects of Escitalopram on Autonomic Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF\/OIF)","volume":"12","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2023, December 10). Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5), Available online: https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/assessment\/screens\/pc-ptsd.asp."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.01.021","article-title":"27 ways to meet PTSD: Using the PTSD-checklist for DSM-5 to examine PTSD core criteria","volume":"261","author":"Franklin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22873","article-title":"Detecting PTSD in a traumatically injured population: The diagnostic utility of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5","volume":"36","author":"Geier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2023, December 10). Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5), Available online: https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/assessment\/adult-int\/caps.asp#obtain."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218072","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.8072","article-title":"Comparison of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Instruments from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition vs Fifth Edition in a Large Cohort of US Military Service Members and Veterans","volume":"4","author":"LeardMann","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2016.1232385","article-title":"Beyond symptom self-report: Use of a computer \u201cavatar\u201d to assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms","volume":"19","author":"Myers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1108\/MHRJ-01-2020-0003","article-title":"Veterans\u2019 experiences of successfully managing post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"26","author":"Parry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ment. Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22918","article-title":"A lifeline in the dark: Breaking through the stigma of veteran mental health and treating America\u2019s combat veterans","volume":"76","author":"Botero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-015-9982-1","article-title":"Peer support and outcome for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a residential rehabilitation program","volume":"52","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2018.01.004","article-title":"A Cross-Lagged Panel Approach to Understanding Social Support and Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Veterans: Assessment Modality Matters","volume":"49","author":"Woodward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2017.1420721","article-title":"Treatment Adherence among War Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Concept Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Ebadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Aggression Maltreat. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Sage Neuroscience Center (2023, August 21). Understanding PTSD in Our Veterans. Available online: https:\/\/sageclinic.org\/blog\/veterans-day-honoring-helping\/#:~:text=PTSD%20symptoms%20significantly%20impact%20veterans,%2C%20depression%2C%20and%20substance%20use."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22871","article-title":"Residual symptoms following prolonged exposure and present-centered therapy for PTSD in female veterans and soldiers","volume":"36","author":"Schnurr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2017.1408973","article-title":"Reconsolidation of Traumatic Memories for PTSD: A randomized controlled trial of 74 male veterans","volume":"29","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychother. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.015","article-title":"Expressive Suppression and Cognitive Reappraisal in Veterans with PTSD: Results from the Mind Your Heart Study","volume":"283","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/14\/6\/485\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:55:11Z","timestamp":1760108111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/14\/6\/485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["bs14060485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs14060485","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]}}}