{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:45:10Z","timestamp":1787312710295,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Previous studies have identified discrepancies in improvements in executive functioning in typically developing children when comparing closed- and open-skill exercise interventions. However, there is limited research on executive functioning in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the impact of closed- and open-skill exercises on ADHD populations. (2) Methods: The PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed to search seven databases to evaluate and analyze studies published from 2013 to 2023. Prospero: CRD42023460452. (3) Results: A meta-analysis of 578 subjects with ADHD in 11 RCTs (Randomized control trial) and 3 NRS (Non-randomized studies) revealed that closed-skill exercise significantly improved executive function subdomains, including inhibitory control (standardized mean differences (SMD) = \u22121.00), cognitive flexibility (SMD = \u22121.33), and working memory (SMD = \u22120.85). Furthermore, open-skill exercise was found to have a positive effect on inhibitory control (SMD = \u22121.98) and cognitive flexibility (SMD = \u22120.97) in ADHD patients. Both types of exercise interventions demonstrated an improvement in executive function compared to controls, with open-skill exercises exhibiting superior effects (Qb = 6.26). (4) Conclusions: The review recommends a 12-week intervention cycle with exercise at least twice a week of moderate or higher intensity as suitable for ADHD individuals. This review also encourages individuals with ADHD to engage in exercises involving multiple motor skill types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14060499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T03:52:53Z","timestamp":1718337173000},"page":"499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Effects of Practicing Closed- vs. Open-Skill Exercises on Executive Functions in Individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)\u2014A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7180-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunyue","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nuckols, C.C., and Nuckols, C.C. 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