{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:51:29Z","timestamp":1787313089114,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This pilot case series investigated the feasibility and efficacy of an eight-week therapy program, combining nasally administered ketamine (0.5 mg\/kg) with trauma-focused psychotherapy, for individuals with chronic, treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Three patients with chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD underwent the eight-week therapy program. Clinical assessments included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) at baseline, post-assessment, and follow-up assessment, along with additional measures assessing other relevant symptoms and side effects. Results: The results demonstrated clinically relevant reductions in PTSD symptoms, indicated by a change in the CAPS-5 score at post-assessment (M = \u221218.00; SE = 6.48) and follow-up assessment (M = \u221225.33, SE = 5.58). Additionally, depressive symptoms showed notable improvement, with changes in HAMD scores at post-assessment (M = \u22128.33, SE = 3.07) and follow-up assessment (M = \u22129.00, SE = 3.77). Positive effects were also observed in anxiety reduction, decreased dissociations, and improvements in emotion regulation and disturbances of self-organization. Conclusions: Despite potential variations in clinical profiles among the patients, the therapy program demonstrated positive outcomes for all participants. Nasally administered ketamine was well tolerated and resulted in immediate symptom reduction in tension, anxiety, and common PTSD symptoms. However, to validate these findings and compare treatment efficacy, future randomized controlled trials are warranted, especially in comparison with trauma-focused therapy alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14080717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T06:23:20Z","timestamp":1723789400000},"page":"717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Combined Effects of Nasal Ketamine and Trauma-Focused Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7424-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Rohde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Hickmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Buchmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golo","family":"Kronenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3063-0965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Vetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Seifritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Kleim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5557-4878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Olbrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3783","article-title":"Association of DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Traumatic Experience Type and History in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, December 20). 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