{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:23:01Z","timestamp":1760145781534,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project CNS2022-135907","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PID2020-118589RB-I00","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PID2020-118589RB-I00","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"European Union \u201cNext Generation EU\u201d\/PRTR","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PID2020-118589RB-I00","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PID2020-118589RB-I00","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"project DCODES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PID2020-118589RB-I00","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PID2020-118589RB-I00","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PID2020-118589RB-I00","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","PID2020-118589RB-I00","MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to the increase in mortality and morbidity rates globally, but it has also led to a generalized worsening of mental health and risk behaviors in different population groups regardless of the measures adopted by different governments. In this paper, using data from a Spanish survey of emotional well-being, we aim to explore through mixed graphical models the complex structure of relationships between the mental health of populations, their lifestyles, and forms of cultural and leisure consumption during the pandemic. The results bring to light some interesting findings, such as the association between teleworking and greater rest or greater stress with the use of social media, a variable that enables the connection with other mental health problems of greater severity. Increased physical activity and the consumption of streaming content at home, as well as increased care for family, friends, and neighbors, are some of the variables that show relevant associations. These findings highlight the usefulness and versatility of this network approach for the study of health behaviors and health outcomes, which offer the researcher a holistic and organic view of the relational structure of complex data characterized by high dimensionality and variables with different levels of measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14090735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T03:59:09Z","timestamp":1724644749000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mental Health and (Online) Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: A Network-Based Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maribel","family":"Serrano-Macias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Economy (Sociology), Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of C\u00e1diz, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"},{"name":"Computational Social Science DataLab (CS2 DataLab), University Institute for Social Sustainable Development, University of C\u00e1diz, 11405 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9512-7853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Alvarez-Galvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Economy (Sociology), Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of C\u00e1diz, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"},{"name":"Computational Social Science DataLab (CS2 DataLab), University Institute for Social Sustainable Development, University of C\u00e1diz, 11405 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09783-9","article-title":"The determinants of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality across countries","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0244809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244809","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health: An international study","volume":"15","author":"Gloster","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01381-y","article-title":"Health systems resilience in managing the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons from 28 countries","volume":"27","author":"Haldane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320925149","article-title":"Human needs in COVID-19 isolation","volume":"25","author":"Matias","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2021.1922636","article-title":"Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Alsolais","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30307-2","article-title":"How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13379","article-title":"Social vulnerability and the impact of policy responses to COVID-19 on disabled people","volume":"43","author":"Mladenov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36267-9","article-title":"A scoping review of the impacts of COVID-19 physical distancing measures on vulnerable population groups","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020315","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.020315","article-title":"Regularizing daily routines for mental health during and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102580","article-title":"Social inequalities in mobility during and following the COVID-19 associated lockdown of the Madrid metropolitan area in Spain","volume":"70","author":"Glodeanu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000716","article-title":"COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action","volume":"76","author":"Kniffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.06.008","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on business and research","volume":"117","author":"Donthu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15275","article-title":"Shifts in alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic: Early indications from Australia","volume":"116","author":"Callinan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1108\/APJML-03-2021-0189","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic upon fashion consumer behavior: Focus on mass and luxury products","volume":"34","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Mark. Logist."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30173-2","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity, insomnia, and loneliness among Spanish women and men","volume":"13","author":"Chin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.029","article-title":"The relationship between personal-job fit and physical and mental health among medical staff during the two years after COVID-19 pandemic: Emotional labor and burnout as mediators","volume":"327","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaabane, S., Doraiswamy, S., Chaabna, K., Mamtani, R., and Cheema, S. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 school closure on child and adolescent health: A rapid systematic review. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8050415"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13557","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 inequalities on children: An intersectional analysis","volume":"45","author":"Lemkow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasheras, I., Gracia-Garc\u00eda, P., Lipnicki, D.M., Bueno-Notivol, J., L\u00f3pez-Ant\u00f3n, R., de la C\u00e1mara, C., Lobo, A., and Santab\u00e1rbara, J. (2020). Prevalence of Anxiety in Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186603"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z","article-title":"Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response","volume":"4","author":"Baicker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassianos, A.P., Georgiou, A., Kyprianidou, M., Lamnisos, D., \u013bubenko, J., Presti, G., Squatrito, V., Constantinou, M., Nicolaou, C., and Papacostas, S. (2021). Mental health and adherence to covid-19 protective behaviors among cancer patients during the covid-19 pandemic: An international, multinational cross-sectional study. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13246294"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775032","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.775032","article-title":"To Help or Not to Help? Prosocial Behavior, Its Association with Well-Being, and Predictors of Prosocial Behavior During the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Haller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15344-0","article-title":"Exploring the influence of behavioural, normative and control beliefs on intentions to adhere to public health guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative interview based study","volume":"23","author":"Moss","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v093.i08","article-title":"MGM: Estimating time-varying mixed graphical models in high-dimensional data","volume":"93","author":"Haslbeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","article-title":"Regression shrinkage and selection via the LASSO","volume":"58","author":"Tibshirani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodol.)"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Friedman, J., Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., and Tibshirani, M.R. (2021, March 24). Package \u2018glasso\u2019. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/glasso\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2019.1677207","article-title":"Moderated network models","volume":"56","author":"Haslbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-384","article-title":"Regularized estimation of large-scale gene association networks using graphical Gaussian models","volume":"10","author":"Boulesteix","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","article-title":"qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data","volume":"48","author":"Epskamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauritzen, S.L. (1996). Graphical Models, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198522195.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","article-title":"Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper","volume":"50","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2014.07.003","article-title":"State of the aRt personality research: A tutorial on network analysis of personality data in R","volume":"54","author":"Costantini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13350","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and perception of risk during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-country comparative survey","volume":"43","author":"Terraneo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515120941307","article-title":"Accelerated importance of eHealth literacy in the COVID-19 outbreak and beyond","volume":"19","author":"Norman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305844","article-title":"Maintaining social connections in the setting of COVID-19 social distancing: A call to action","volume":"110","author":"Pantell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716025","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.716025","article-title":"The Effects of Covid-19 on the Digital Literacy of the Elderly: Norms for Digital Inclusion","volume":"6","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.104958","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation in old age: A look at research during the COVID-19 pandemic and a look ahead","volume":"108","author":"Hajek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15282-x","article-title":"COVID-19 induced changes in physical activity patterns, screen time and sleep among Swedish adolescents-a cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Kjellenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-023-00581-3","article-title":"Trajectories of child mental health, physical activity and screen-time during the COVID-19 pandemic considering different family situations: Results from a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"17","author":"Kurz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2020.100067","article-title":"The relationship between social media use, stress symptoms and burden caused by coronavirus (Covid-19) in Germany and Italy: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation","volume":"3","author":"Brailovskaia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635546","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.635546","article-title":"COVID-19 stress and addictive social media use (SMU): Mediating role of active use and social media flow","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2021.1888438","article-title":"The effect of social media on stress among young adults during COVID-19 pandemic: Taking into account fatalism and social media exhaustion","volume":"37","author":"Ngien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107050","article-title":"Passive social media use and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of social comparison and emotion regulation","volume":"127","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Human Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603603","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.603603","article-title":"Determinants of infodemics during disease outbreaks: A systematic review","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2020.1835386","article-title":"COVID-19 stress and depression: Examining social media, traditional media, and interpersonal communication","volume":"26","author":"First","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/14\/9\/735\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:42:23Z","timestamp":1760110943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/14\/9\/735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs14090735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs14090735","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-328X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]}}}