{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:22:21Z","timestamp":1770985341232,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Science, People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["GD23YJY04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GD23YJY04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to examine the association between parent\u2013child relationships and adolescents\u2019 non-cognitive skills, while also investigating the mediating effect of social anxiety and number of friends. A survey was conducted with 773 students, ranging from grade 4 to 9, in five public schools of Guangdong Province of China (49.9% male), with a mean age\u2009of 12.20 years old. Latent mediation structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (1) the father\u2013child relationship and mother\u2013child relationship both had a positive influence on grit, innovation, conscientiousness, and hope; (2) social anxiety had a negative effect on adolescent non-cognitive skills including innovation, conscientiousness, and hope; (3) the number of positive friends was found to be positively associated with the development of non-cognitive skills in adolescents, whereas the presence of negative friends correlated negatively with grit but positively with innovation; (4) social anxiety emerged as a significant mediating variable between parent\u2013child relationships and adolescents\u2019 non-cognitive skills, including innovation, conscientiousness, and hope; and (5) the mediating effect of the number of positive friends on the relationship between parent\u2013child relationships and grit, innovation, conscientiousness, and hope was also found to be significant. Educational programs and family interventions should take these factors into account, providing a more holistic approach to supporting adolescent growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14100961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T09:14:03Z","timestamp":1729156443000},"page":"961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Parent\u2013Child Relationships and Adolescents\u2019 Non-Cognitive Skills: Role of Social Anxiety and Number of Friends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Kuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3235-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Chi-Kin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-022-00660-7","article-title":"Effect of Non-Cognitive Factors on Academic Achievement among Students in Suzhou: Evidence from OECD SSES Data","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. 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