{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:43:11Z","timestamp":1790314991216,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"14th Five-Year Plan Advantageous and Characteristic Disciplines (Groups) of Colleges and Universities in Hubei Province for Exercise and Brain Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mental fatigue is an important factor affecting athletes\u2019 performance. Explaining the effects of mental fatigue on sports performance from a theoretical point of view can help us deeply understand the interconnection between mental fatigue and sports performance and conduct effective interventions based on this. Combining the relevant literature in China and abroad reveals that the current academic theories on the mechanism of sports fatigue include motivational control theory, underload theory, neural waste disposal hypothesis, and resource depletion theory. The effects of mental fatigue on performance are reflected in aerobic endurance, sports decision-making, tactical performance, and technical performance. Current coping strategies for mental fatigue include physiological coping strategies based on nutrition (caffeine), odor, and noninvasive neuromodulation techniques and psychological and behavioral coping strategies based on music and positive thinking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14121125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T03:59:01Z","timestamp":1732507141000},"page":"1125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Mental Fatigue and Sports Performance of Athletes: Theoretical Explanation, Influencing Factors, and Intervention Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chang-Hong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0603-067X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Di","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Future Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Qiang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Football Academy, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Drug Rehabilitation Center of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0524","article-title":"The Physiological Nature of Mental Fatigue: Current Knowledge and Future Avenues for Sport Science","volume":"17","author":"Roelands","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0672-0","article-title":"The Effects of Mental Fatigue on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review","volume":"47","author":"Marcora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Ji, Z., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Wang, L., and Wang, H. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of the effects of mental fatigue on athletic performance from 2001 to 2021. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1019417"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000006075","article-title":"Addressing Surgeon Fatigue: Current Understanding and Strategies for Mitigation","volume":"144","author":"Janhofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1273540","article-title":"The effects of mental fatigue on cricket-relevant performance among elite players","volume":"35","author":"Veness","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.07.001","article-title":"Mental fatigue: Costs and benefits","volume":"59","author":"Boksem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819828569","article-title":"The Role of Motivation as a Factor in Mental Fatigue","volume":"61","author":"Herlambang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.071","article-title":"The cognitive control network: Integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions","volume":"37","author":"Cole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2022-0023","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying state mental fatigue: A systematic review and activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Salihu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030694","article-title":"Sustaining attention to simple tasks: A meta-analytic review of the neural mechanisms of vigilant attention","volume":"139","author":"Langner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.09.016","article-title":"Psychophysiological investigation of vigilance decrement: Boredom or cognitive fatigue?","volume":"93","author":"Pattyn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.008","article-title":"The role of default network deactivation in cognition and disease","volume":"16","author":"Anticevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4227-13.2014","article-title":"Precuneus is a functional core of the default-mode network","volume":"34","author":"Utevsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-010-0316-1","article-title":"Feature absence-presence and two theories of lapses of sustained attention","volume":"75","author":"Helton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.04.002","article-title":"Signal salience and the mindlessness theory of vigilance","volume":"129","author":"Helton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X312152","article-title":"Vigilance requires hard mental work and is stressful","volume":"50","author":"Warm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2538","article-title":"Conflict-induced behavioural adjustment: A clue to the executive functions of the prefrontal cortex","volume":"10","author":"Mansouri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-011-0083-5","article-title":"Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions","volume":"12","author":"Niendam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacquet, T., Poulin-Charronnat, B., Bard, P., and Lepers, R. (2020). Persistence of Mental Fatigue on Motor Control. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.588253"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118532","article-title":"Mental fatigue correlates with depression of task-related network and augmented DMN activity but spares the reward circuit","volume":"243","author":"Gergelyfi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/147470491000800208","article-title":"Does the brain consume additional glucose during self-control tasks?","volume":"8","author":"Kurzban","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12003196","article-title":"An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance","volume":"36","author":"Kurzban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., Soh, K.G., Roslan, S., Wazir, M.R.W.N., and Soh, K.L. (2021). Does mental fatigue affect skilled performance in athletes? A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258307"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90008-A","article-title":"Physiological production of the beta-amyloid protein and the mechanism of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Selkoe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","article-title":"Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain","volume":"342","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0908-2","article-title":"Mental Fatigue and Soccer: Current Knowledge and Future Directions","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.025","article-title":"Impact of brain networks involved in vigilance on processing irrelevant visual motion","volume":"55","author":"Breckel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"469","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of mental fatigue","volume":"25","author":"Ishii","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.12.007","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of fatigue","volume":"20","author":"DeLuca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00559-7","article-title":"Interindividual Variability in Mental Fatigue-Related Impairments in Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Multiple Meta-regression","volume":"9","author":"Habay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.12.003","article-title":"The effect of mental fatigue on the performance of Australian football specific skills amongst amateur athletes","volume":"24","author":"Weerakkody","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001263","article-title":"Effects of Mental Fatigue on Endurance Performance in the Heat","volume":"49","author":"Buyse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2017-0187","article-title":"Effects of Mental Fatigue on Physical Endurance Performance and Muscle Activation Are Attenuated by Monetary Incentives","volume":"39","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiphof-Godart, L., Roelands, B., and Hettinga, F.J. (2018). Drive in Sports: How Mental Fatigue Affects Endurance Performance. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01383"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0946-9","article-title":"Mental Fatigue Impairs Endurance Performance: A Physiological Explanation","volume":"48","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2153231","article-title":"Prior brain endurance training improves endurance exercise performance","volume":"23","author":"Dallaway","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortes, L.S., Lima-Junior, D., Barbosa, B.T., Faro, H.K.C., Ferreira, M.E.C., and Almeida, S.S. (2022). Effect of mental fatigue on decision-making skill and visual search behaviour in basketball players: An experimental and randomised study. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol., 1\u201320. ahead-of-print.","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2022.2058055"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2021.1927036","article-title":"Playing videogames or using social media applications on smartphones causes mental fatigue and impairs decision-making performance in amateur boxers","volume":"30","author":"Fortes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2018.10.004","article-title":"The effects of mental fatigue on sport-related performance","volume":"240","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1715181","article-title":"The effect of smartphones and playing video games on decision-making in soccer players: A crossover and randomised study","volume":"38","author":"Fortes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.05.001","article-title":"Effect of exposure time to smartphone apps on passing decision-making in male soccer athletes","volume":"44","author":"Fortes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1656781","article-title":"Effects of mental fatigue on passing decision-making performance in professional soccer athletes","volume":"20","author":"Gantois","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1156241","article-title":"Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific decision-making skill","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trecroci, A., Boccolini, G., Duca, M., Formenti, D., and Alberti, G. (2020). Mental fatigue impairs physical activity, technical and decision-making performance during small-sided games. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238461"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutinho, D., Gon\u00e7alves, B., Travassos, B., Wong, D.P., Coutts, A.J., and Sampaio, J.E. (2017). Mental Fatigue and Spatial References Impair Soccer Players\u2019 Physical and Tactical Performances. Front. Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01645"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.03.004","article-title":"Exploring the effects of mental and muscular fatigue in soccer players\u2019 performance","volume":"58","author":"Coutinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Movement Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1756681","article-title":"How does mental fatigue affect soccer performance during small-sided games? A cognitive, tactical and physical approach","volume":"38","author":"Kunrath","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente, F.M., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Castillo, D., Raya-Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Silva, A.F., Afonso, J., Sarmento, H., Rosemann, T., and Knechtle, B. (2021). Effects of Mental Fatigue in Total Running Distance and Tactical Behavior During Small-Sided Games: A Systematic Review With a Meta-Analysis in Youth and Young Adult\u2019s Soccer Players. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.656445"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1100","article-title":"Mental Fatigue: Impairment of Technical Performance in Small-Sided Soccer Games","volume":"11","author":"Badin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000762","article-title":"Mental Fatigue Impairs Soccer-Specific Physical and Technical Performance","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., Soh, K.G., Mohammadi, A., Wang, X., Bin, Z., and Zhao, Z. (2022). Effects of mental fatigue on technical performance in soccer players: A systematic review with a meta-analysis. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.922630"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"e10220004822","article-title":"Mental fatigue and ball sports: A narrative review focused on physical, technical, and tactical performance","volume":"28","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mot. Rev. Educ. F\u00edsica"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1158","article-title":"Mental Fatigue in Sport\u2014From Impaired Performance to Increased Injury Risk","volume":"19","author":"Schampheleer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2020.89937","article-title":"Technical-tactical profile, perceived exertion, mental demands and enjoyment of different tactical tasks and training regimes in basketball small-sided games","volume":"37","author":"Sansone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2020.1823012","article-title":"Effects of mental fatigue on soccer-specific performance in young players","volume":"5","author":"Filipas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Med. Footb."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Kayaking performance is altered in mentally fatigued young elite athletes","volume":"59","author":"Staiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2017-0128","article-title":"Mental Fatigue Impairs Physical Performance in Young Swimmers","volume":"30","author":"Penna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1418647","article-title":"Mental fatigue alters the speed and the accuracy of the ball in table tennis","volume":"36","author":"Pageaux","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-10-32","article-title":"Carbohydrate use and reduction in number of balance beam falls: Implications for mental and physical fatigue","volume":"10","author":"Batatinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.101579","article-title":"Mental fatigue impairs visuomotor response time in badminton players and controls","volume":"45","author":"Vandervaeren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, K., Staiano, W., Menaspa, P., Hennessey, T., Marcora, S., Keegan, R., Thompson, K.G., Martin, D., Halson, S., and Rattray, B. (2016). Superior Inhibitory Control and Resistance to Mental Fatigue in Professional Road Cyclists. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159907"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3974-0","article-title":"Mental fatigue does not alter performance or neuromuscular fatigue development during self-paced exercise in recreationally trained cyclists","volume":"118","author":"Couto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipas, L., Gallo, G., Pollastri, L., La Torre, A., and Mourot, L. (2019). Mental fatigue impairs time trial performance in sub-elite under 23 cyclists. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218405"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, S., Geok, S.K., Roslan, S., Sun, H., Lam, S.K., and Qian, S. (2022). Mental Fatigue and Basketball Performance: A Systematic Review. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.819081"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.08.015","article-title":"Mental fatigue impairs technical performance and alters neuroendocrine and autonomic responses in elite young basketball players","volume":"196","author":"Moreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3483-y","article-title":"Effects of caffeine ingestion on endurance performance in mentally fatigued individuals","volume":"116","author":"Azevedo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.02.009","article-title":"Caffeine improved cycling trial performance in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of alterations in prefrontal cortex activation","volume":"204","author":"Brietzke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazi\u0107, A., Koci\u0107, M., Trajkovi\u0107, N., Popa, C., Peyr\u00e9-Tartaruga, L.A., and Padulo, J. (2022). Acute Effects of Caffeine on Overall Performance in Basketball Players\u2014A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091930"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, N., Yamano, E., Ishii, A., Tanaka, M., Nakamura, J., and Watanabe, Y. (2018). Involvement of the olfactory system in the induction of anti-fatigue effects by odorants. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195263"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01678-z","article-title":"How to Tackle Mental Fatigue: A Systematic Review of Potential Countermeasures and Their Underlying Mechanisms","volume":"52","author":"Proost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113783","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation over the orbital prefrontal cortex maintains endurance performance in mentally fatigued swimmers","volume":"250","author":"Fortes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2021.1962238","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Reduces the Negative Impact of Mental Fatigue on Swimming Performance","volume":"54","author":"Nikooharf","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.08.005","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation versus caffeine as a fatigue countermeasure","volume":"10","author":"McIntire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrey, S. (2023). Probing the Promises of Noninvasive Transcranial Electrical Stimulation for Boosting Mental Performance in Sports. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020282"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, W., Ren, J., Wang, B., and Zhu, Q. (2015). Effects of Relaxing Music on Mental Fatigue Induced by a Continuous Performance Task: Behavioral and ERPs Evidence. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136446"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallia, L., Chirico, A., Zelli, A., Galli, F., Palombi, T., Bortoli, L., Conti, C., Diotaiuti, P., Robazza, C., and Schena, F. (2020). The Implementation and Evaluation of a Media Literacy Intervention About PAES Use in Sport Science Students. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00368"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2021.1","article-title":"Effect of Mindfulness Training on Fatigue and Recovery in Elite Volleyball Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Follow-Up Study","volume":"20","author":"Coimbra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2022.01.003","article-title":"Acute effects of mindfulness-based intervention on athlete cognitive function: An fNIRS investigation","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Lei, S., and Fan, J. (2023). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Promoting Athletic Performance and Related Factors among Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032038"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, S., Geok, S.K., Roslan, S., Qian, S., Sun, H., Lam, S.K., and Liu, J. (2022). Mindfulness-Based Interventions for the Recovery of Mental Fatigue: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137825"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/14\/12\/1125\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:38:32Z","timestamp":1760114312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/14\/12\/1125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["bs14121125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs14121125","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]}}}