{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:11:28Z","timestamp":1785885088943,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]],"date-time":"2024-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bipolar disorder is a debilitating psychiatric condition characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression, affecting millions worldwide. While pharmacotherapy remains the cornerstone of treatment, a significant proportion of patients exhibit inadequate response or intolerable side effects to conventional medications. In recent years, neuromodulation techniques have emerged as promising adjunctive or alternative treatments for bipolar disorder. We performed a narrative review, according to the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) guidelines, to provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature on neuromodulation interventions in bipolar disorder across the course of lifespan. Specifically, it examines the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of various neuromodulation strategies, including, among others, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and it describes the therapeutic experiences across the different ages of illness. Additionally, this review discusses the clinical implications, challenges, and future directions of the integration, in clinical practice, of neuromodulation into the management of bipolar disorder. By synthesizing evidence from different studies, this review aims to inform clinicians, researchers, and stakeholders about the evolving landscape of neuromodulation treatments and their potential role in improving outcomes for individuals with bipolar disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14121176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T04:01:37Z","timestamp":1733716897000},"page":"1176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Neuromodulation Strategies in Lifelong Bipolar Disorder: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6281-5561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Bernabei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Care\u2014ASL Rome 5, Colleferro, 00034 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazza Aldo Moro, 100165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beniamino","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Care\u2014ASL Rome 5, Colleferro, 00034 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6491-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Care\u2014ASL Rome 5, Colleferro, 00034 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Mentuccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Care\u2014ASL Rome 5, Colleferro, 00034 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Panzera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Care\u2014ASL Rome 5, Colleferro, 00034 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Riggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Care\u2014ASL Rome 5, Tivoli, 00019 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Sangiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Care\u2014ASL Rome 5, Colleferro, 00034 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Piserchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Centre of Mental Health\u2014ASL Rome 5, Colleferro, 00034 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Nicol\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Care\u2014ASL Rome 5, Colleferro, 00034 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Pompili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazza Aldo Moro, 100165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Centre of Mental Health\u2014ASL Rome 5, Colleferro, 00034 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1906193","article-title":"Bipolar Disorder","volume":"383","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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