{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:14Z","timestamp":1760146814310,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent disorder and a highly debilitating condition. Although current theories focused on depressed mood and intrusion as critical dimensions, the mechanism through which depression increases the risk of PTSD remains unclear. Research usually concentrates on the hyperactive negative valence system (NVS) (e.g., increased fear and threat responses), but some evidence suggests a significant role for the hypoactive positive valence system (PVS) (e.g., less neural activation towards rewards). Method: The main aim of the present research was to investigate whether probable PTSD leads to a different evaluation of the implicit processing in a refugee\u2019s sample. Ratings of arousal, dominance, and valence from 60 International Affective Picture System (IAPS) pictures (positive, neutral, and negative) were collected from 42 individuals with probable PTSD, and a group of 26 trauma-exposed individuals (Mage = 28.49 years, SD = \u00b17.78). Results: ANOVA results revealed a main group effect (\u03b72p = 0.379) on arousal, dominance, valence dimensions, and pictures\u2019 categories (\u03b72p = 0.620), confirming evidence according to which PTSD origins a state of maladaptive hyperarousal and troubles the regulation of emotions, and not supporting the view that such difficulties arise only with negative stimuli. Participants with probable PTSD deemed negative stimuli as more threatening than they really are, reacting to unpleasant images with greater negative emotionality (i.e., enhanced arousal and lower valence ratings) compared with individuals without PTSD. Moreover, they rated positive stimuli as less pleasant. Furthermore, arousal ratings were negatively correlated with valence (r = \u22120.709, p &lt; 0.01) indicating that pictures with high arousal (negative) were associated with lower valence. Discussion: Our findings supported evidence according to which PTSD caused a constant state of hyperarousal and difficulties in regulating emotions facing environmental stimuli. Positive stimuli are considered less pleasant, and this inhibits from completely benefiting from them. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence for a differential and potentially complementary involvement of NVS and PVS in PTSD development. Intervention for PTSD may, thus, target both negative and positive valence processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14121195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T10:34:12Z","timestamp":1734086052000},"page":"1195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Does Trauma Change the Way Individuals with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Deal with Positive Stimuli?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3035-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olimpia","family":"Pino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125 Parma, PR, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125 Parma, PR, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9110-3923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo Charles","family":"Malvezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125 Parma, PR, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1980). 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