{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:45:36Z","timestamp":1788457536611,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Humanities and Social Science Project of Ministry of Education of China","award":["23YJCZH220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YJCZH220"]}]},{"name":"Humanities and Social Science Project of Ministry of Education of China","award":["2023QN016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QN016"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University Humanities Youth Talent Cultivation Program","award":["23YJCZH220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YJCZH220"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University Humanities Youth Talent Cultivation Program","award":["2023QN016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QN016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent research indicates that parental phubbing is a risk factor for adolescents\u2019 depressive symptoms; however, limited research has examined the association between father phubbing and adolescents\u2019 depressive symptoms. The present study tested the association between father phubbing and adolescents\u2019 depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the mediating and moderating effects underlying this link were examined. A total of 1319 participants (39.5% were boys, mean age = 16.15 years) completed measures regarding father phubbing, father\u2013child relationship satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and the need to belong. By using a two-wave longitudinal design, the results showed that father\u2013child relationship satisfaction mediated the association between father phubbing and adolescents\u2019 depressive symptoms, and the need to belong exacerbated the association between father phubbing and father\u2013child relationship satisfaction. Limitations and implications of this study were elaborated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15020139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1737953950000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Father Phubbing and Adolescents\u2019 Depressive Symptoms: The Roles of Relationship Satisfaction and Need to Belong"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8104-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jilong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0241-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8194-8322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjie","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lipeng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Datong University, No. 405 Xingyun Street, District, Datong 037009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2743-3167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guohua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Chashan, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Saggaf, Y. (2022). Parents\u2019 phubbing of children. The psychology of phubbing, Springer Nature Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-7045-0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109622","article-title":"Mother phubbing and adolescent academic burnout: The mediating role of mental health and the moderating role of agreeableness and neuroticism","volume":"155","author":"Bai","year":"2020a","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.156","article-title":"Parent-adolescent congruence in phubbing and adolescents\u2019 depressive symptoms: A moderated polynomial regression with response surface analyses","volume":"275","author":"Bai","year":"2020b","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","article-title":"The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation","volume":"117","author":"Baumeister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017376","article-title":"Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences","volume":"135","author":"Belsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114227","article-title":"Parent and child screen use and the effects of phubbing","volume":"275","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/jmft.12190","article-title":"The association between the parent-child relationship and symptoms of anxiety and depression: The roles of attachment and perceived spouse attachment behaviors","volume":"43","author":"Bradford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Marital and Family Therapy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9401-6","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between perceived parent-child relationship quality and depressive symptoms in adolescence","volume":"38","author":"Branje","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.32.7.513","article-title":"Toward an experimental ecology of human development","volume":"32","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/ajsp.12393","article-title":"Seeking harmony in Chinese families: A dyadic analysis on Chinese parent\u2013child relations","volume":"23","author":"Cheung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12836","article-title":"Reciprocal influences among marital relationship, Parent\u2013adolescent relationship, and youth depressive symptoms","volume":"84","author":"Chiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"China Internet Network Information Center (2024, March 13). The 50th China statistical report on internet development, Available online: http:\/\/www.cnnic.net.cn\/n4\/2022\/0914\/c88-10226.html."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.06.020","article-title":"Measuring phone snubbing behavior: Development and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP)","volume":"88","author":"Chotpitayasunondh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3313","article-title":"Understanding adolescence as a period of social\u2013affective engagement and goal flexibility","volume":"13","author":"Crone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407521996454","article-title":"Investigating the impact of partner phubbing on romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction: The moderating role of attachment anxiety","volume":"38","author":"David","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446249215.n21","article-title":"Self-determination theory","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Deci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handbook of theories of social psychology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000084","article-title":"Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research","volume":"143","author":"Franklin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.074","article-title":"Trajectories of depression and anxiety in Chinese high school freshmen: Associations with Internet addiction","volume":"286","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106995","article-title":"The influence of perceived parental phubbing on adolescents\u2019 problematic smartphone use: A two-wave multiple mediation model","volume":"121","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J., Ren, X., Wang, X., Qu, Z., Zhou, Q., Ran, C., Wang, X., and Hu, J. (2015). Depression among migrant and left-behind children in China in relation to the quality of parent-child and teacher-child relationships. PLoS ONE, 10, (12).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145606"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Haigh, A. (2024, March 10). Stop phubbing, Available online: http:\/\/stopphubbing.com."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2019.80.340","article-title":"Needs and norms: Testing the effects of negative interpersonal interactions, the need to belong, and perceived norms on alcohol consumption","volume":"80","author":"Hamilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach, Guilford Publications."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0179","article-title":"Parents\u2019 phubbing and problematic mobile phone use: The roles of the parent-child relationship and children\u2019s self-esteem","volume":"22","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000111","article-title":"Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"143","author":"Jacobson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.06.003","article-title":"Impact of parents mobile device use on parent-child interaction: A literature review","volume":"75","author":"Kildare","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.53.9.1017","article-title":"Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?","volume":"53","author":"Kraut","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cys087","article-title":"Perspectives on family health, happiness and harmony (3H) among Hong Kong Chinese people: A qualitative study","volume":"27","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Education Research"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2013.819511","article-title":"Construct validity of the need to belong scale: Mapping the nomological network","volume":"95","author":"Leary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12375","article-title":"Fathers\u2019 involvement in Chinese societies: Increasing presence, uneven progress","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431621989821","article-title":"Linking Parental Phubbing to adolescent self-depreciation: The roles of internal attribution and relationship satisfaction","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Early Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruess, C. J. (2015). \u201cTechnoference\u201d: Everyday intru-sions and interruptions of technology in couple andfamily relationships. Family communication in the age of digital and social media, Peter Lang.","DOI":"10.3726\/978-1-4539-1668-1"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12822","article-title":"Technoference: Parent distraction with technology and associations with child behavior problems","volume":"89","author":"McDaniel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child development"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"109","article-title":"The mediating role of mother-child relationship and the relationship between mother phubbing and children\u2019s mobile phone addiction in kuala lumpur","volume":"5","author":"Motevalli","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Education and Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000004","article-title":"The equilibrium model of relationship maintenance","volume":"108","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19338","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-02738-3","article-title":"Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory","volume":"42","author":"Navarro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2013.02.018","article-title":"The single-item need to belong scale","volume":"55","author":"Nichols","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105247","article-title":"Parental phubbing and adolescent problematic mobile phone use: The role of parent-child relationship and self-control","volume":"116","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.04.033","article-title":"The association between depression and emotional and social loneliness in older persons and the influence of social support, cognitive functioning and personality: A cross-sectional study","volume":"182","author":"Peerenboom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-014-0374-0","article-title":"The role of the perceived parent-child relationship on latina adolescent depression","volume":"32","author":"Castillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP9591","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520983905","article-title":"Mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying: The mediating role of perceived mother acceptance and the moderating role of emotional stability","volume":"37","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Ranie, L., and Zickuhr, K. (2015). Americans\u2019 views on mobile etiquette, Pew Research Center."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12694","article-title":"The role of sense of belonging and family structure in adolescent adjustment","volume":"32","author":"Branje","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.058","article-title":"My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners","volume":"54","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.06.034","article-title":"Parent and child technoference and socioemotional behavioral outcomes: A nationally representative study of 10-to 20-year-old adolescents","volume":"88","author":"Stockdale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-023-01909-0","article-title":"The associations between parental phubbing, adolescent phubbing, and adolescents\u2019 adjustments: A cross-lagged panel network analysis","volume":"53","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2022.2034726","article-title":"How is father phubbing associated with adolescents\u2019 social networking sites addiction? Roles of narcissism, need to belong, and loneliness","volume":"156","author":"Wang","year":"2022a","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.04.009","article-title":"The exacerbating role of perceived social support and the \u201cbuffering\u201d role of depression in the relation between sensation seeking and adolescent smartphone addiction","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P., Lei, L., Yu, G., and Li, B. (2020). Social networking sites addiction and materialism among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model involving depression and need to belong. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.581274"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.073","article-title":"Gender differences in the relationships between parental phubbing and adolescents\u2019 depressive symptoms: The mediating role of parent-adolescent communication","volume":"302","author":"Wang","year":"2022b","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/20501579241297941","article-title":"Parental phubbing, loneliness, and adolescent materialism: A cross-lagged panel study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mobile Media & Communication"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1177\/08944393211017263","article-title":"Mother phubbing and adolescent loneliness: A mediation model of mother\u2013adolescent communication and perceived mother acceptance","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.079","article-title":"Peer relationship and adolescent smartphone addiction: The mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of the need to belong","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01185-x","article-title":"Parental phubbing and adolescents\u2019 depressive symptoms: Self-esteem and perceived social support as moderators","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2020a","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP5344","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520961877","article-title":"Parental phubbing and adolescents\u2019 cyberbullying perpetration: A moderated mediation model of moral disengagement and online disinhibition","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2020b","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.01.014","article-title":"Partner phubbing and depression among married Chinese adults: The roles of relationship satisfaction and relationship length","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.104426","article-title":"Parents\u2019 phubbing increases adolescents\u2019 mobile phone addiction: Roles of parent-child attachment, deviant peers, and gender","volume":"105","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.12.004","article-title":"Parental phubbing accelerates depression in late childhood and adolescence:A two-path model","volume":"78","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X12461245","article-title":"Hoping for a Phoenix","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/2329488420907120","article-title":"Supervisor phubbing phenomenon in organizations: Determinants and impacts","volume":"60","author":"Yasin","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Business Communication"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108378","article-title":"Smartphone\u2019s on, humanness\u2019s off: Phubbing breeds dehumanization via subjectivity uncertainty","volume":"160","author":"Yin","year":"2024a","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2024.102668","article-title":"Gender differences in the associations between parental phubbing, fear of missing out, and social networking sites addiction: A cross-lagged panel study","volume":"78","author":"Yin","year":"2024b","journal-title":"Technology in Society"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/2\/139\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:37:01Z","timestamp":1759919821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/2\/139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["bs15020139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs15020139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]}}}