{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T20:16:43Z","timestamp":1762460203824,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-05575","18356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05575","18356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-05575","18356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05575","18356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When participants are asked to identify expressed emotions from pictures, fear is often confused with surprise. The present study explored this confusion by utilizing one prototype of surprise and three prototypes of fear varying as a function of distinctive cues in the fear prototype (cue in the eyebrows, in the mouth or both zones). Participants were presented with equal numbers of pictures expressing surprise and fear. Eye movements were monitored when they were deciding if the picture was fear or surprise. Following each trial, explicit knowledge was assessed by asking the importance (yes vs. no) of five regions (mouth, nose, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks) in recognizing the expression. Results revealed that fear with both distinctive cues was recognized more accurately, followed by the prototype of surprise and fear with a distinctive cue in the mouth at a similar level. Finally, fear with a distinctive cue in the eyebrows was the least accurately recognized. Explicit knowledge discriminability results revealed that participants were aware of the relevant areas for each prototype but not equally so for all prototypes. Specifically, participants judged the eyebrow area as more important when the distinctive cue was in the eyebrows (fear\u2013eyebrow) than when the cue was in the mouth (fear\u2013mouth) or when both cues were present (fear\u2013both). Results are discussed considering the attentional-perceptual and explicit knowledge limitation hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15020166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T05:36:32Z","timestamp":1738560992000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Explicit Knowledge and Attentional-Perceptual Processing on the Ability to Recognize Fear and Surprise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0963-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myl\u00e8ne","family":"Michaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de Psychologie, Universit\u00e9 de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8552-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie","family":"Roy-Charland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de Psychologie, Universit\u00e9 de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-804X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Perron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"The impact on emotion classification performance and gaze behavior of foveal versus extrafoveal processing of facial features","volume":"46","author":"Atkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0048577299971664","article-title":"Measuring facial expressions by computer image analysis","volume":"36","author":"Bartlett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.833500","article-title":"Featural processing in recognition of emotional facial expressions","volume":"28","author":"Beaudry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.010","article-title":"The eyes are not the window to basic emotions","volume":"50","author":"Blais","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2022.292","article-title":"Non-normal Data in Repeated Measures ANOVA: Impact on Type I Error and Power","volume":"1","author":"Blanca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"527","article-title":"Configural information in facial expression perception","volume":"26","author":"Calder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.1.109","article-title":"Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): Identification under different display-duration conditions","volume":"40","author":"Calvo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.2307\/1129477","article-title":"Children\u2019s Understanding of Facial Expressions Used during Conflict Encounters","volume":"51","author":"Camras","year":"1980","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"751","article-title":"Distinction between fear and surprise: An interpretation-independent test of the perceptual-attentional limitation hypothesis","volume":"12","author":"Chamberland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1167\/16.14.16","article-title":"Face exploration dynamics differentiate men and women","volume":"16","author":"Coutrot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.24.2.200.989","article-title":"Facial Identity and Facial Emotions: Speed, Accuracy, and Processing Strategies in Children and Adults","volume":"24","author":"Verschoor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939208411068","article-title":"An argument for basic emotions","volume":"6","author":"Ekman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Ekman, P. 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