{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:42:47Z","timestamp":1781077367779,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Social Sciences Fund of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["22YJC630191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC630191"]}]},{"name":"Social Sciences Fund of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["24SYB-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24SYB-025"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Social Sciences Applied Research Excellence Project","award":["22YJC630191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC630191"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Social Sciences Applied Research Excellence Project","award":["24SYB-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24SYB-025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The traffic behavior characteristics within university campuses have received limited scholarly attention, despite their distinct differences from external road networks. These differences include the predominance of non-motorized vehicles and pedestrians in traffic flow composition, as well as traffic peaks primarily coinciding with class transition periods. To investigate the riding behavior of cyclists on university campuses, this study examines cyclist attention, proposes a novel method for constructing a rider attention recognition framework, utilizes a hierarchical ordered logistic model to analyze the factors influencing attention, and evaluates the model\u2019s performance. The findings reveal that traffic density and riding style significantly influence cyclists\u2019 eye-tracking characteristics, which serve as indicators of their attention levels. The covariates of lane gaze time and the coefficient of variation in pupil diameter exhibited significant effects, indicating that a hierarchical ordered logistic model incorporating these covariates can more effectively capture the impact of influencing factors on cyclist attention. Moreover, the hierarchical ordered logistic model achieved a 7.22% improvement in predictive performance compared to the standard ordered logistic model. Additionally, cyclists exhibiting a \u201cconservative\u201d riding style were found to be more attentive than those adopting a \u201caggressive\u201d riding style. Similarly, cyclists navigating \u201csparse\u201d traffic conditions were more likely to maintain attention compared to those in \u201cdense\u201d traffic scenarios. These findings provide valuable insights into the riding behavior of university campus cyclists and have significant implications for improving traffic safety within such environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15030327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T04:29:59Z","timestamp":1741321799000},"page":"327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Understanding Bicycle Riding Behavior and Attention on University Campuses: A Hierarchical Modeling Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2552-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyun","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Aviation College, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoying","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-070X(02)00028-8","article-title":"Sustainable transportation planning on college campuses","volume":"10","author":"Balsas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transport Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S232","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2022.2119027","article-title":"Binge drinking and alcohol-related symptoms may underlie patterns of dynamic brain oscillations of resource allocation during high-fidelity driving simulation","volume":"23","author":"Banz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2019.8863312","article-title":"Wearable sensors for evaluating driver drowsiness and high stress","volume":"17","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Latin America Transactions"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmr.2024.100054","article-title":"Empirical study of bicycle traffic characteristics relevant for microscopic simulation","volume":"3","author":"Castro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2000.111059","article-title":"Do reminder signs promote use of safety belts?","volume":"36","author":"Clack","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Arezes, P. 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