{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T21:06:49Z","timestamp":1775509609072,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32171047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171047"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XLYC2203131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC2203131"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LS2024Q005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS2024Q005"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program","award":["32171047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171047"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program","award":["XLYC2203131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC2203131"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program","award":["LS2024Q005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS2024Q005"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Undergraduate Universities in Liaoning Province","award":["32171047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171047"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Undergraduate Universities in Liaoning Province","award":["XLYC2203131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC2203131"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Undergraduate Universities in Liaoning Province","award":["LS2024Q005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS2024Q005"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research and Innovation Team of Liaoning Normal University","award":["32171047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171047"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research and Innovation Team of Liaoning Normal University","award":["XLYC2203131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC2203131"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research and Innovation Team of Liaoning Normal University","award":["LS2024Q005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS2024Q005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Negative emotions can shape human visual perception, which is mainly investigated using basic emotions such as fear. Whether guilt emotion, which is a negative moral emotion originating late in our evolutionary ancestry, has similar modulatory effects as basic emotions is largely unexplored. Here, we employed a dot estimation task to induce feelings of guilt and subsequently measured the Ebbinghaus illusion strength. The photos of victims\u2019 faces were projected on the central circle of the Ebbinghaus configuration. The results showed that guilt significantly strengthened the illusion effect relative to control condition, which was observed only for female participants playing with same-gender partners and reversed to the opposite pattern with disruption of left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The findings suggest that guilt can sculpt early visual perception in a gender-specific and prefrontal-dependent manner, thus broaden our understanding of guilt emotion and have implications for relevant neuropsychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15030333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T08:46:41Z","timestamp":1741596401000},"page":"333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prefrontal-Dependent and Gender-Specific Modulation of Guilt Emotion on Human Early Visual Perception"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6813-6762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5512-6143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24043","article-title":"Heritability of aggression following social evaluation in middle childhood: An fMRI study","volume":"39","author":"Achterberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01933.x","article-title":"A dynamic model of guilt implications for motivation and self-regulation in the context of prejudice","volume":"18","author":"Amodio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-005-4287-4","article-title":"Individual differences in experiences of and responses to guilt and shame: Examining the lenses of gender and gender role","volume":"53","author":"Bursik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/58.4.P237","article-title":"Age and gender differences in adults\u2019 descriptions of emotional reactions to interpersonal problems","volume":"58","author":"Birditt","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02354.x","article-title":"Emotion improves and impairs early vision","volume":"20","author":"Bocanegra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10056","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1776-08.2008","article-title":"Top-down control of human visual cortex by frontal and parietal cortex in anticipatory visual spatial attention","volume":"28","author":"Bressler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, A., Lou, Y., Long, Q., and Yuan, J. 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