{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:01:08Z","timestamp":1760058068608,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Social Fund (ESF)","award":["EQUAL-C (2000)853-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQUAL-C (2000)853-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive assessment instruments with emotional components may be useful to address the limitations of the self-report scales commonly used to assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women victims of domestic violence (IPV). The aim of this study was to develop an Emotional Stroop task designed to identify post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) linked to intimate partner violence (IPV) in Spanish-speaking women. The validation of this test involved a comparative analysis between two groups: a clinical group (n = 50) and a non-clinical group (n = 50) of women with an average age of 38.38 (SD = 12.31; 100% female participants). The study indicates that the clinical group scored significantly higher on the PTSD Symptom Severity Scale (EGS) and lower on the three Stroop tasks compared to the non-clinical group. Notably, there was a significant negative correlation between the results of the modified Stroop tasks and the EGS test. The results show that our adapted Stroop task serves as an efficacious tool for detecting PTSD related to intimate partner violence (IPV) in Spanish-speaking women. Moreover, it has the potential to alleviate the constraints of presently available tools designed for this specific purpose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15030343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T08:59:52Z","timestamp":1741683592000},"page":"343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptation of an Emotional Stroop Test for Screening of PTSD Related to Intimate Partner Violence in Spanish-Speaking Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1458-9659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarai","family":"Mata-Gil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education and Psychology, Campus Universitario, University of Extremadura (UEX), 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2140-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz M.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca (UPSA), 37002 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9953-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Cabaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca (UPSA), 37002 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2802-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jer\u00f3nimo","family":"Del Moral-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Campus Universitario, University of Extremadura (UEX), 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2742-903X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Castillo-Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, CETYS University, Av. Cetys Universidad, n\u00ba4, Tijuana 22210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2014). DSM-5: Manual diagn\u00f3stico y estad\u00edstico de los trastornos mentales, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) Editorial M\u00e9dica Panamericana.","key":"ref_1"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Atenci\u00f3n selectiva y procesamiento de la informaci\u00f3n en los trastornos de la alimentaci\u00f3n","volume":"1","author":"Cabaco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Educaci\u00f3n y Salud en el Trabajo"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"211","article-title":"Hipervigilancia emocional y vulnerabilidad a trastornos alimenticios (Estudio transcultural Espa\u00f1a, Brasil y Argentina)","volume":"2\u20133","author":"Cabaco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Educaci\u00f3n y Salud en el Trabajo"},{"unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, Routledge. [2nd ed.].","key":"ref_4"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costello, K., and Greenwald, B. D. (2022). Update on domestic violence and traumatic brain injury: A narrative review. Brain Sciences, 12, (1).","key":"ref_5","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12010122"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Oste, V., Fantasia, S., Gravina, D., Palego, L., Betti, L., Dell\u2019Osso, L., Giannaccini, G., and Carmassi, C. (2023). Metabolic and inflammatory response in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A systematic review on peripheral neuroimmune biomarkers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20, (4).","key":"ref_6","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20042937"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-022-02025-z","article-title":"The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: A systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"11","author":"Dokkedahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apj.2017.02.005","article-title":"Escala de gravedad de s\u00edntomas del trastorno de estr\u00e9s postraum\u00e1tico seg\u00fan el DSM-5: Versi\u00f3n forense (EGS-F)","volume":"27","author":"Amor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anuario de Psicolog\u00eda Jur\u00eddica"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-48082016000200004","article-title":"Escala de gravedad de s\u00edntomas revisada (EGS-R) del trastorno de estr\u00e9s postraum\u00e1tico seg\u00fan el DSM-5: Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas","volume":"34","author":"Amor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Terapia Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"unstructured":"Echebur\u00faa, E., Corral, P., Zubizarreta, B., and Sarasua, B. (1995). Trastorno de estr\u00e9s postraum\u00e1tico cr\u00f3nico en v\u00edctimas de agresiones sexuales, Fundaci\u00f3n Paideia.","key":"ref_10"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/09503153.2021.1959542","article-title":"Intimate partner violence screening tools in emergency departments: A scoping review","volume":"34","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Practice"},{"unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, M. P., Fasfous, A., and Ruiz, \u00c1. L. (2023). C\u00f3mo hacer la evaluaci\u00f3n neuropsicol\u00f3gica de mujeres v\u00edctimas: El Proyecto Believe. Neuropsicolog\u00eda de la violencia de g\u00e9nero, Editorial Universidad de Granada. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/374228949_Neuropsicologia_de_la_violencia_de_genero.","key":"ref_12"},{"unstructured":"Golden, C. J. (1994). Stroop. Test de colores y palabras, Tea Ediciones.","key":"ref_13"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28559","article-title":"Application of machine learning techniques in the diagnostic approach of PTSD using MRI neuroimaging data: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joyal, M., Wensing, T., Levasseur-Moreau, J., Leblond, J., Sack, A. T., and Fecteau, S. (2019). Characterizing emotional Stroop interference in posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 14, (4).","key":"ref_15","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214998"},{"unstructured":"Labrador, F. J., Rinc\u00f3n, P. P., De Luis, P., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Velasco, R. (2004). Mujeres v\u00edctimas de la violencia dom\u00e9stica. Programa de actuaci\u00f3n, Ediciones Pir\u00e1mide.","key":"ref_16"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of the new CPTSD diagnosis for ICD-11","volume":"8","author":"Maercker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotional Dysregulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2017.1339106","article-title":"Validation of neuropsychological consequences in victims of intimate partner violence in a Spanish population using specific effort tests","volume":"29","author":"Daugherty","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20121727","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging in PTSD: From discovery of underlying mechanisms to addressing diagnostic heterogeneity","volume":"178","author":"Neria","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"unstructured":"Ol\u00e1barri Azagra, J. (2022). El idioma espa\u00f1ol: Situaci\u00f3n actual y mirada al futuro. Un cambio de modelo, CEU Ediciones. Available online: https:\/\/www.ceuediciones.es\/catalogo\/libros\/educacion\/el-idioma-espanol-situacion-actual-y-mirada-al-futuro-un-cambio-de-modelo\/.","key":"ref_20"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.01.014","article-title":"Trauma responses to intimate partner violence: A review of current knowledge","volume":"34","author":"Pill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.05.002","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, intimate partner violence perpetration, and the mediating role of shame processing bias","volume":"25","author":"Sippel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221137686","article-title":"Mental and physical health correlates for emotional intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: A meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Spencer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-021-00935-4","article-title":"Limitations of cognitive control on emotional distraction\u2013congruency in the color stroop task does not modulate the emotional stroop effect","volume":"22","author":"Straub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651","article-title":"Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions","volume":"18","author":"Stroop","year":"1935","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000964","article-title":"Executive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder: Understanding how inhibition, switching, and test modality affect reaction times","volume":"38","author":"Swick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23565","article-title":"Measures of trauma exposure and trauma response: A scoping review","volume":"79","author":"Tolchin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.120.1.3","article-title":"The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology","volume":"120","author":"Williams","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. Executive summary, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/341338.","key":"ref_29"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2023.111671","article-title":"Altered functional connectivity between cortical networks associated with inhibitory control in trauma-exposed females","volume":"333","author":"Yetter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/3\/343\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:50:29Z","timestamp":1760028629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/3\/343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["bs15030343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs15030343","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-328X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]}}}