{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:48:08Z","timestamp":1774435688102,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Collaborative Award","award":["206275\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206275\/Z\/17\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Collaborative Award","award":["102653IR1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102653IR1"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Investment Foundation Fund","award":["206275\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206275\/Z\/17\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Investment Foundation Fund","award":["102653IR1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102653IR1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Face washing for trachoma, like most public health improvements, necessitates behaviour change, yet traditional educational interventions frequently fail to achieve this goal. Behavioural science frameworks offer guidance to develop alternative types of interventions, helping to translate formative research and insights about the target population and behavioural determinants into more effective strategies. This paper outlines the outputs and decision-making underlying the five-stage process we followed to translate formative research findings into intervention activities and materials: (1) synthesising formative research findings into a creative brief to guide intervention development; (2) selecting behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to address key behavioural targets; (3) selecting an overarching intervention concept; (4) developing intervention content; and (5) finalising the intervention\u2019s Theory of Change. This paper presents our experiences and reflections on the intervention design process, using a practical example of a face washing intervention for trachoma control. The intervention was designed for delivery in the Stronger SAFE trial in rural Oromia, Ethiopia (ISCRTN 40760473).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15030355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T06:53:00Z","timestamp":1741848780000},"page":"355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Translating Formative Research into Intervention Content: Experiences with Face Washing for Trachoma Control in Rural Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7219-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Collin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0702-2109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Biran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Czerniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Demitu","family":"Legesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fred Hollows Foundation Ethiopia, Addis Ababa 23360\/1000, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meseret","family":"Guye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fred Hollows Foundation Ethiopia, Addis Ababa 23360\/1000, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asanti Ahmed","family":"Mume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fred Hollows Foundation Ethiopia, Addis Ababa 23360\/1000, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7352-9237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edao Sinba","family":"Etu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berhan Public Health & Eye Care Consultancy, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 6307, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8971-6239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Abashawl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berhan Public Health & Eye Care Consultancy, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 6307, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wondu","family":"Alemayehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berhan Public Health & Eye Care Consultancy, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 6307, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarity","family":"Dodson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fred Hollows Foundation, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5415-2403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oumer Shafi","family":"Abdurahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fred Hollows Foundation Ethiopia, Addis Ababa 23360\/1000, Ethiopia"},{"name":"International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esmael","family":"Habtamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dereje","family":"Adugna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Oromia, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields, Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Last","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3331-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Greenland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02429.x","article-title":"How much is not enough? 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