{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:11:33Z","timestamp":1792098693622,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alberta Mental Health Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The impact of social media on adolescent mental health has become a critical area of research as social media usage has surged among youth. Despite extensive research, findings on this relationship remain inconsistent, with various studies reporting both negative and positive effects. This scoping review aims to clarify the multifaceted nature of this relationship by analyzing the recent literature. Objective: This review aims to analyze the current evidence regarding the effects of social media use on adolescent mental health, identify consistent patterns and discrepancies in the findings, identify gaps in our knowledge, and highlight opportunities for further research. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O\u2019Malley\u2019s five-stage approach. Searches were performed in PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus for articles published between July 2020 and July 2024. Inclusion criteria were systematic reviews, umbrella reviews, narrative reviews, and meta-analyses written in English focusing on youth\/adolescents\u2019 mental health and social media. The search strategy identified 1005 articles, of which 43 relevant articles survived the reviewer selection process, from which data were extracted and analyzed to inform this review. Results: The majority of studies linked social media use to adverse mental health outcomes, particularly depression and anxiety. However, the relationship was complex, with evidence suggesting that problematic use and passive consumption of social media were most strongly associated with adverse effects. In contrast, some studies highlighted positive aspects, including enhanced social support and reduced isolation. The mental health impact of social media use, specifically during the COVID-19 pandemic, was mixed, with the full range of neutral, negative, and positive effects reported. Conclusions: The nature of social media\u2019s impact on adolescent mental health is highly individualistic and influenced by moderating factors. This review supports the notion that social media\u2019s effects on adolescent mental health can be context specific and may be shaped by patterns of usage. A focus on longitudinal studies in future research will be useful for us to understand long-term effects and develop targeted interventions in this context. Enhancing digital literacy and creating supportive online environments are essential to maximizing the benefits of social media while mitigating its risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15050574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T10:17:16Z","timestamp":1745489836000},"page":"574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Effects of Social Media Use on Youth and Adolescent Mental Health: A Scoping Review of Reviews"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Agyapong-Opoku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"},{"name":"College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box GP 4236, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Agyapong-Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9097-900X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Greenshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E136","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190434","article-title":"Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health","volume":"192","author":"Naylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16388","DOI":"10.2196\/16388","article-title":"Relationship between depression and the use of mobile technologies and social media among adolescents: Umbrella review","volume":"22","author":"Puigdomenech","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Research Methodology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105054","article-title":"Social media use and deliberate self-harm among youth: A systematized narrative review","volume":"116","author":"Biernesser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12034","article-title":"Social networking site use: Linked to adolescents\u2019 social self-concept, self-esteem, and depressed mood","volume":"66","author":"Barber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-022-00445-4","article-title":"The use of social networking sites and its impact on adolescents\u2019 emotional well-being: A scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Bottaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzola, E., Spina, G., Agostiniani, R., Barni, S., Russo, R., Scarpato, E., Di Mauro, A., Di Stefano, A. V., Caruso, C., Corsello, G., and Staiano, A. (2022). The use of social media in children and adolescents: Scoping review on the potential risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, (16).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169960"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etdah.2021.100010","article-title":"Fitspiration on social media: Body-image and other psychopathological risks among young adults. A narrative review","volume":"1","author":"Cataldo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions, and Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115991","article-title":"Association of screen-based activities and risk of self-harm and suicidal behaviors among young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"338","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0020","article-title":"Social Media use and adolescent well-being: A narrative review of longitudinal studies","volume":"24","author":"Hammond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-020-00715-7","article-title":"Social media and depression symptoms: A meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2174\/2210676612666220225122720","article-title":"Trending: A systematic review of social media use\u2019s influence on adolescent anxiety and depression","volume":"12","author":"Damodar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027512","article-title":"Frequency and quality of social networking among young adults: Associations with depressive symptoms, rumination, and corumination","volume":"1","author":"Davila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychology of Popular Media Culture"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v17i20.44663","article-title":"Effects of social media use on adolescent psychological well-being: A Systematic literature review","volume":"17","author":"Dharejo","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dra\u017eenovi\u0107, M., Vuku\u0161i\u0107 Rukavina, T., and Machala Popla\u0161en, L. (2023). Impact of social media use on mental health within adolescent and student populations during COVID-19 pandemic: Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20, (4).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043392"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.11.070","article-title":"The impact of daily stress on adolescents\u2019 depressed mood: The role of social support seeking through Facebook","volume":"44","author":"Frison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439314567449","article-title":"Exploring the Relationships between different types of facebook use, perceived online social support, and adolescents\u2019 depressed mood","volume":"34","author":"Frison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Government of Australia (2025, January 10). Minimum age for social media access to protect Australian kids, Available online: https:\/\/www.pm.gov.au\/media\/minimum-age-social-media-access-protect-australian-kids."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-021-01288-y","article-title":"The impact of social media on college mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multinational review of the existing literature","volume":"23","author":"Haddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the association between adolescent social media use and depressive symptoms","volume":"275","author":"Ivie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiotsa, B., Naccache, B., Duval, M., Rocher, B., and Grall-Bronnec, M. (2021). Social media use and body image disorders: Association between frequency of comparing one\u2019s own physical appearance to that of people being followed on social media and body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, (6).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062880"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2019.1590851","article-title":"A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Keles","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e42990","article-title":"The impact of social media on the mental health of adolescents and young adults: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Khalaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60827-1","article-title":"Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: Evidence for action","volume":"378","author":"Kieling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105765","article-title":"Social media\u2019s influence on adolescents\u2019 food choices: A mixed studies systematic literature review","volume":"168","author":"Kucharczuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Jeon, Y. J., Kang, S., Shin, J. I., Jung, Y. C., and Jung, S. J. (2022). Social media use and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in young adults: A meta-analysis of 14 cross-sectional studies. BMC Public Health, 22, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13409-0"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22466","article-title":"Association between social media use and depression among U.S. Young adults","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Kamper-DeMarco, K. E., Zhang, J., Xiao, J., Dong, D., and Xue, P. (2022). Time spent on social media and risk of depression in adolescents: A dose-response meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, (9).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095164"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marciano, L., Ostroumova, M., Schulz, P. J., and Camerini, A.-L. (2022). Digital media use and adolescents\u2019 mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.793868"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S410600","article-title":"Mitigating harms of social media for adolescent body image and eating disorders: A review","volume":"17","author":"Mazzeo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychology Research and Behavior Management"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045221106608","article-title":"Using TikTok for public and youth mental health\u2014A systematic review and content analysis","volume":"28","author":"McCashin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105053","article-title":"The relationship between highly visual social media and young people\u2019s mental health: A scoping review","volume":"115","author":"McCrory","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.13055","article-title":"Assessing the impact of Instagram use and deliberate self-harm in adolescents: A scoping review","volume":"32","author":"Moss","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health Nursing"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2020.1714007","article-title":"Social media and adolescent mental health: The good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12373","article-title":"Review: Social networking sites and associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents\u2014A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Piteo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43213","DOI":"10.2196\/43213","article-title":"The longitudinal impact of social media use on UK adolescents\u2019 mental health: Longitudinal observational study","volume":"25","author":"Plackett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045221092884","article-title":"Exploring adolescents\u2019 perspectives on social media and mental health and well-being\u2014A qualitative literature review","volume":"28","author":"Popat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001066","article-title":"Anxiety and depression amongst youth as adverse effects of using social media: A Review","volume":"85","author":"Prasad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2021.07.007","article-title":"Social media as it interfaces with psychosocial development and mental illness in transitional-age youth","volume":"31","author":"Primack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2023.0451","article-title":"Social media and self-concept among postsecondary students: A scoping review","volume":"27","author":"Rafiq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e30756","article-title":"Psychological morbidities associated with excessive usage of smartphones among adolescents and young adults: A review","volume":"14","author":"Rathod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000264","article-title":"The use of social networking sites, body image dissatisfaction, and body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review of psychological research","volume":"9","author":"Ryding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology of Popular Media"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2024.100404","article-title":"Social media use and adolescents\u2019 mental health and well-being: An umbrella review","volume":"14","author":"Sala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior Reports"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, R. M. S., Mendes, C. G., Sen Bressani, G. Y., de Alcantara Ventura, S., de Almeida Nogueira, Y. J., de Miranda, D. M., and Romano-Silva, M. A. (2023). The associations between screen time and mental health in adolescents: A systematic review. BMC Psychology, 11, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01166-7"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-018-0095-2","article-title":"How does social media use relate to adolescents\u2019 internalizing symptoms? Conclusions from a systematic narrative review","volume":"5","author":"Sarmiento","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adolescent Research Review"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f8nning, V., Hjetland, G. J., Aar\u00f8, L. E., and Skogen, J. C. (2020). Social media use and mental health and well-being among adolescents\u2014A scoping review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01949"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000547","article-title":"Social media, internet use and suicide attempts in adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Sedgwick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/00812463221119302","article-title":"Social media and adolescent psychosocial development: A systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Senekal","year":"2023","journal-title":"South African Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33450","DOI":"10.2196\/33450","article-title":"Problematic social media use in adolescents and young adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shannon","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00898-6","article-title":"A scoping literature review of the associations between highly visual social media use and eating disorders and disordered eating: A changing landscape","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413476512","article-title":"Special issue on the teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Somerville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"e58674","article-title":"Social media effects regarding eating disorders and body image in young adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Suhag","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02130-3","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between digital media use and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: A systematic literature review","volume":"33","author":"Thorell","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1017\/S1754470X22000034","article-title":"A trans-diagnostic cognitive behavioural conceptualisation of the positive and negative roles of social media use in adolescents\u2019 mental health and wellbeing","volume":"15","author":"Tibber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapist"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/epidemiologia3010002","article-title":"Social media use and mental health: A global analysis","volume":"3","author":"Ulvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiologia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.08.017","article-title":"Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence","volume":"44","author":"Valkenburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2020.1720623","article-title":"Social media use and depression in adolescents: A scoping review","volume":"32","author":"Vidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20230524-02","article-title":"Influence of social media use on body image and well-being among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review","volume":"61","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xu, J., and Xie, T. (2022). Social media overload and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 Omicron wave lockdown: A cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China, 2022. International Journal of Public Health, 67.","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1605363"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-023-01478-w","article-title":"Social media and youth mental health","volume":"26","author":"Weigle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14972","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-04092-w","article-title":"A four-level meta-analytic review of the relationship between social media and well-being: A fresh perspective in the context of COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-4458-7-19","article-title":"Implementing the world mental health survey initiative in portugal\u2014Rationale, design and fieldwork procedures","volume":"7","author":"Xavier","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health Systems"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2024.103882","article-title":"Beyond academia: A case for reviews of gray literature for science-policy processes and applied research","volume":"162","author":"Yoshida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Policy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40124-023-00298-z","article-title":"Social media and adolescent mental health","volume":"11","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Pediatrics Reports"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-04-2021-0211","article-title":"Understanding the relationship between social media use and depression: A review of the literature","volume":"47","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Online Information Review"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/5\/574\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:20:57Z","timestamp":1760030457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/5\/574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["bs15050574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs15050574","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]}}}