{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:21:19Z","timestamp":1760059279217,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"City of Toronto, Children\u2019s Services"},{"name":"Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal childrearing practices play a prominent role in a child\u2019s developmental outcomes. Difficult child temperament, specifically, negative emotionality, impacts parenting practices. The present study contributes to the existing literature by investigating the mediating role of parenting practices on associations between children\u2019s temperament and academic and behavioural outcomes in a low-income and ethnically diverse sample. The present study consists of a sample of 163 families. The average age of the children was 32.40 months (SD = 2.61 months). The average age of the mothers was 34.35 years (SD = 5.32 years). Structural equation modelling examined the relationship between children\u2019s temperament, parenting practices, and child outcomes. A two-step procedure was conducted to test this model: confirmatory factor analysis followed by latent path analysis. The results show that children\u2019s temperament was significantly and positively associated with mothers\u2019 hostile parenting and children\u2019s conduct problems. Hostile parenting was positively associated with children\u2019s conduct problems. While overprotective parenting was negatively associated with children\u2019s receptive vocabulary scores, maternal responsivity was positively associated with better receptive vocabulary in children. Finally, hostile parenting was found to play a significant and positive mediating role in children\u2019s conduct behaviour. Maternal practices are associated with outcomes in children with negative emotionality, underscoring the need for tailored interventions in diverse, low-income families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15060786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T06:11:08Z","timestamp":1749190268000},"page":"786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examining the Relationships Between Parenting Practices, Children\u2019s Temperament, and Academic and Behavioural Outcomes in Lower-Income Families"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9754-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calpanaa","family":"Jegatheeswaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5251-0369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6728-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Perlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00075828","article-title":"The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory","volume":"1","author":"Ainsworth","year":"1978","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","article-title":"Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach","volume":"103","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.2.195","article-title":"Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood","volume":"129","author":"Juffeer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bandura, A. 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