{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:25:56Z","timestamp":1760059556305,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#CBR-112845","#AHRC G937","#SCI G650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CBR-112845","#AHRC G937","#SCI G650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000085","name":"Ontario HIV Treatment Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#CBR-112845","#AHRC G937","#SCI G650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CBR-112845","#AHRC G937","#SCI G650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sexual minority men (SMM) experience anti-SMM stressors and have elevated rates of mental health issues compared to heterosexual men, such as depression. Importantly, strengths-based factors may directly increase wellbeing and provide a buffer against the detrimental effects of such stressors. In the present study, we integrated risk and strengths-based models to examine predictors of depression symptoms in a sample of 465 Canadian SMM across three time points using multilevel modeling. Higher scores on a measure of childhood physical abuse at baseline, and greater within-person (i.e., deviation from individual\u2019s average) and between-person (i.e., deviation from group average) internalized homonegativity and heterosexist discrimination were associated with higher depression scores. Higher within- and between-person scores on measures of self-esteem, social support, and hope were associated with lower depression scores. Social support buffered the effects of between-person heterosexist discrimination on depression symptoms: at mean and high levels of social support, heterosexist discrimination was not associated with depression symptoms. This is the first study to disaggregate between-person and within-person effects of both risk factors and strengths-based factors among SMM, which has critical importance for the development of tailored individual-level interventions that target internalized homonegativity, hope, social support, and self-esteem to alleviate symptoms of depression among SMM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15070839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T09:24:18Z","timestamp":1750757058000},"page":"839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examining Longitudinal Risk and Strengths-Based Factors Associated with Depression Symptoms Among Sexual Minority Men in Canada"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3823-4573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf","family":"Ghauri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6209-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham W.","family":"Berlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5021-6593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayna","family":"Skakoon-Sparling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3503-0969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adhm","family":"Zahran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7663-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 27 King\u2019s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8836-4153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry D.","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5107-7452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor A.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 27 King\u2019s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S432","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.138925","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse and the sociocultural context of sexual risk among adult Latino gay and bisexual men","volume":"99","author":"Arreola","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Public 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