{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:17:24Z","timestamp":1793031444600,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a chronic mental disorder characterized by anhedonia, loss of desire, guilt, suicidal thoughts, and appetite changes. It is reported that individuals with MDD resort to binge eating to escape from negative feelings. In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between binge eating behavior and the concept of psychological pain associated with emotions such as shame, guilt, and anger in individuals with MDD. We conducted the study in the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinics of Balcal\u0131 Hospital, \u00c7ukurova University Faculty of Medicine. The sample consisted of 147 individuals with MDD without psychotic symptoms and 128 healthy controls with sociodemographic characteristics similar to the MDD group. We administered a sociodemographic data form, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Psychache Scale (PS), Tolerance for Mental Pain Scale-10 (TMPS-10), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q-13). Eighty-two (55.7%) of the patients with MDD were diagnosed with binge eating disorder (BED). In the group of MDD patients with BED comorbidity, the EDE-Q-13 total, binging subscale, and HDRS scores were significantly higher than those of the other groups (p &lt; 0.05 for each group), with large to very large effect sizes (e.g., EDE-Q-13 binging d = 1.04; HDRS d = 1.91; PS d = 1.22). There was no significant difference between the MDD groups (with and without BED) regarding the BIS and BIS subscales\u2019 subscores, PS, and TMPS scores. For participants with MDD, there was a significant same-directional correlation between EDE-Q-13 binging, HDRS, BIS, and PS scores (p &lt; 0.05 for each), with moderate to strong effect sizes (EDE-Q-13 binging and HDRS: r = 0.398, p &lt; 0.001; binging and PS: r = 0.273, p &lt; 0.001; binging and BIS: r = 0.233, p = 0.005; binging and TMPS-10: r = \u20130.257, p = 0.002). Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between TMPS and the scores for EDE-Q-13 binging, HDRS, BIS, and PS. A linear regression analysis indicated that depression severity and BMI were the strongest predictors of binge eating behavior (R2 = 0.243; f2 = 0.32). Based on our results, we concluded that the presence of binge eating behavior in patients with MDD is associated with more severe depressive symptoms, psychological pain, impulsivity, and lower tolerance to psychological pain. The finding that binge eating behavior was most strongly associated with depression severity and body mass index (BMI) supports the notion that binge eating behavior is a maladaptive attitude. Longitudinal studies comparing individuals with different BMIs in different clinical samples are needed to confirm our results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15070842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T09:24:18Z","timestamp":1750757058000},"page":"842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Relationship Between Binge Eating Behavior and Psychological Pain in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aynur","family":"\u00d6zbay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01250, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3965-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Emin","family":"Demirkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01250, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9750-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lut","family":"Tamam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01250, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynep","family":"Naml\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01250, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmut Onur","family":"Karaytu\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01250, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9997-351X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caner","family":"Ye\u015filo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7ukurova University, Adana 01250, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2001.19756","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale","volume":"42","author":"Akdemir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22410","article-title":"Negative affect, interpersonal perception, and binge eating behavior: An experience sampling study","volume":"48","author":"Ambwani","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). 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