{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T04:10:59Z","timestamp":1782533459567,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BO\/00099\/24\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO\/00099\/24\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, frequently observed in juvenile offenders. This systematic review explores the interplay between ADHD and juvenile delinquency, focusing on behavioural, psychological, and social dimensions. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature review was conducted using EBSCO Discovery Service, Science Direct, PubMed, and snowballing techniques. Studies meeting specific inclusion criteria, including juvenile offenders diagnosed with ADHD and comparisons to non-offender or non-ADHD control groups, were analysed. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools. A total of 21 studies were included, highlighting significant associations between ADHD and juvenile delinquency. ADHD symptoms, especially impulsivity and emotional dysregulation, were linked to an earlier onset of offending and higher rates of property crimes. Comorbidities such as conduct disorder, substance use disorder, and depression exacerbated these behaviours. Sociodemographic factors like low education levels and adverse family environments were also critical modifiers. Early intervention and tailored treatment approaches were emphasised to address these challenges. The findings underscore the need for early diagnosis, individualised treatment, and integrative rehabilitation programmes within the juvenile justice system to mitigate long-term risks and promote social inclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15081044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T09:41:17Z","timestamp":1754300477000},"page":"1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Interplay Between Juvenile Delinquency and ADHD: A Systematic Review of Social, Psychological, and Educational Aspects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-563X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rta","family":"Mikl\u00f3si","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Cultural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Debrecen, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1186-7836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina Eszter","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counselling, Developmental and School Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Debrecen, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231177469","article-title":"Risk of criminal justice system interactions in young adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Findings from a national birth cohort","volume":"27","author":"Anns","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12337","article-title":"Sex differences in ADHD symptom severity","volume":"56","author":"Arnett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2020.102335","article-title":"The cross-cutting psychosocial and systemic barriers to holistic rehabilitation, including educational re-engagement, of incarcerated adolescents: Realities in and perspectives from Africa","volume":"81","author":"Atilola","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Development"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2989\/17280583.2017.1321550","article-title":"Status of mental-health services for adolescents with psychiatric morbidity in youth correctional institutions in Lagos *","volume":"29","author":"Atilola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12217","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12217","article-title":"Criminal convictions in males and females diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A Swedish national registry study","volume":"4","author":"Andersson","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCPP Advances"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00452","article-title":"Childhood conduct problems, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and inattention as predictors of adult criminal activity","volume":"40","author":"Babinski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baggio, S., Fructuoso, A., Guimaraes, M., Fois, E., Golay, D., Heller, P., Perroud, N., Aubry, C., Young, S., Delessert, D., G\u00e9taz, L., Tran, N. T., and Wolff, H. (2018). Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in detention settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00331"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-23-00268","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for quasi-experimental studies","volume":"22","author":"Barker","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBI Evidence Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"10","article-title":"Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"63","author":"Barkley","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00214.x","article-title":"Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Antisocial activities and drug use","volume":"45","author":"Barkley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01181-4","article-title":"ADHD symptom profiles, intermittent explosive disorder, adverse childhood experiences, and internalizing\/externalizing problems in young offenders *","volume":"272","author":"Barra","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/01947640490401902","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis and treatment. Separating myth from substance","volume":"25","author":"Barzman","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Legal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besemer, S., Farrington, D. P., and Bijleveld, C. C. J. H. (2017). Labeling and intergenerational transmission of crime: The interaction between criminal justice intervention and a convicted parent. PLoS ONE, 12, (3).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172419"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66915-2","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"366","author":"Biederman","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1265","article-title":"Peer relationship difficulties among children with adhd: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Saffari","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2326","article-title":"Self-stigma of incarceration and its impact on health and community integration","volume":"34","author":"Brehmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcr.2021.100447","article-title":"Household dysfunction and child development: Do financial resources matter?","volume":"51","author":"Bussemakers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Life Course Research"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104508100890","article-title":"Social functioning difficulties in ADHD: Association with PDD risk","volume":"14","author":"Loo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"707","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivty disorder in Korean juvenile delinquents","volume":"36","author":"Chae","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9754-8","article-title":"Impulsivity moderates promotive environmental influences on adolescent delinquency: A comparison across family, school, and neighborhood contexts","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.14400\/JDPM.2013.11.12.657","article-title":"ADHD symptoms, self-esteem, and depression of juvenile offenders *","volume":"11","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Convergence"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2024.2359075","article-title":"ADHD prevalence rose, yet disparities remain: Commentary on the 2022 national survey of children\u2019s health","volume":"53","author":"Bounoua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-010-9626-2","article-title":"Understanding the school outcomes of juvenile offenders: An exploration of neighborhood influences and motivational resources *","volume":"40","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colomer, C., Berenguer, C., Rosell\u00f3, B., Baixauli, I., and Miranda, A. (2017). The impact of inattention, hyperactivity\/impulsivity symptoms, and executive functions on learning behaviors of children with ADHD. Frontiers in Psychology, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00540"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0039","article-title":"Maladaptive aggression: With a focus on impulsive aggression in children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Connor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN1703_1","article-title":"Heritability and the comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with behavioral disorders and executive function deficits: A preliminary investigation","volume":"17","author":"Coolidge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001641","article-title":"Association of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) 10\/10-repeat genotype with ADHD symptoms and response inhibition in a general population sample","volume":"10","author":"Cornish","year":"2005","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2012.10.002","article-title":"Early starters: Which type of criminal onset matters most for delinquent careers? *","volume":"41","author":"DeLisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.08.003","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and conduct disorder: Independent predictors of criminal outcomes in ADHD youth","volume":"36","author":"Nomura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026553518272","article-title":"Genetic and environmental causes of covariation in interview assessments of disruptive behavior in child and adolescent twins","volume":"30","author":"Eaves","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behavior Genetics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2020.02.012","article-title":"The association of adverse childhood experiences with anxiety and depression for children and youth, 8 to 17 years of age","volume":"20","author":"Elmore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelhardt, P. E., Nobes, G., and Pischedda, S. (2019). The relationship between adult symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and criminogenic cognitions. Brain Sciences, 9, (6).","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9060128"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2272(200001)18:1<1::AID-GEPI1>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Toward guidelines for pedigree selection in genetic studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"18","author":"Faraone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetic Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00987.x","article-title":"Developmental and life-course criminology: Key theoretical and empirical issues-the 2002 sutherland award address","volume":"41","author":"Farrington","year":"2003","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrington, D. P. (2016). Family influences on offending and family-based intervention. Women and children as victims and offenders: Background, prevention, reintegration: Suggestions for succeeding generations, Vol. I, Springer International Publishing\/Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08398-8_8"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"29","article-title":"Social functioning in youth with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo","volume":"92","author":"Ferretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"119","article-title":"Long-term consequences of childhood ADHD on criminal activities","volume":"12","author":"Fletcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"333","article-title":"The relationship of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder to juvenile delinquency: Legal implications","volume":"24","author":"Foley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(91)90042-4","article-title":"Juvenile delinquency entry and persistence: Do attention problems contribute to conduct problems?","volume":"22","author":"Forehand","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2019.1695266","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the criminal law","volume":"26","author":"Freckelton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry, Psychology and Law"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059","article-title":"School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence","volume":"74","author":"Fredricks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"French, B., Nalbant, G., Wright, H., Sayal, K., Daley, D., Groom, M. J., Cassidy, S., and Hall, C. L. (2024). The impacts associated with having ADHD: An umbrella review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1343314"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.13189\/ujph.2024.120203","article-title":"Impact of ODD and ADHD on conduct problems among juvenile delinquents *","volume":"12","author":"Garg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Universal Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/520689","article-title":"ADHD, ODD, and CD: Do they belong to a common psychopathological spectrum? A case series","volume":"2012","author":"Ghosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Reports in Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i17.2420","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity: A review of literature","volume":"7","author":"Gnanavel","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Journal of Clinical Cases"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.155","article-title":"Psychopathy and impulsivity: The relationship of psychopathy to different aspects of UPPS-P impulsivity","volume":"272","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2011.11.005","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder does not predict criminal recidivism in young adult offenders: Results from a prospective study *","volume":"35","author":"Grieger","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100741","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2021-100741","article-title":"Impact of adverse childhood experiences on the symptom severity of different mental disorders: A cross-diagnostic study","volume":"35","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"General Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199610000-00027","article-title":"Childhood family problems and current psychiatric problems among young violent and property offenders","volume":"35","author":"Haapasalo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed, A. M., Kauer, A. J., and Stevens, H. E. (2015). Why the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder matters. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00168"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ambp.2006.04.011","article-title":"Peer functioning in children with ADHD","volume":"7","author":"Hoza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ambulatory Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/17449200902880409","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among inmates of a borstal institution in Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Issa","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Prisoner Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12313","article-title":"\u201cIt felt very special, it felt customised to me\u201d\u2014A qualitative investigation of the experiences of participating in a clinical trial of CBT for young people at risk of bipolar disorder","volume":"94","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychology and Psychotherapy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204003262225","article-title":"Psychopathy and ADHD in adolescent male offenders *","volume":"2","author":"Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, T. (2023). The impact of dysfunctional families on the mental health of children. Education and human development, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.104241"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.08.008","article-title":"Does diagnosis affect the predictive accuracy of risk assessment tools for juvenile offenders: Conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder *","volume":"37","author":"Khanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-013-9569-5","article-title":"Depression in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The mediating role of cognitive-behavioral factors","volume":"37","author":"Knouse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18261\/njc.26.2.3","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and juvenile violent delinquency in multiple successive birth cohorts","volume":"26","author":"Laajasalo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of Criminology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715584052","article-title":"Comorbidity and behavior characteristics of russian male juvenile delinquents with ADHD and conduct disorder *","volume":"24","author":"Lindblad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000062","article-title":"Qualitative research synthesis: Methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation","volume":"13","author":"Lockwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199504000-00017","article-title":"Which boys will fare worse? Early predictors of the onset of conduct disorder in a six-year longitudinal study","volume":"34","author":"Loeber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.11.003","article-title":"Lifetime criminality among boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A prospective follow-up study into adulthood using official arrest records","volume":"160","author":"Mannuzza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S75942","article-title":"Psychopathology, symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and risk factors in juvenile offenders *","volume":"11","author":"Margari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.53020\/IME-2022-101","article-title":"A gyermek- \u00e9s serd\u00fcl\u0151kori figyelemhi\u00e1nyos hiperaktivit\u00e1s (ADHD) okozta nemzetgazdas\u00e1gi probl\u00e9m\u00e1k \u00e9s azok lehets\u00e9ges kezel\u00e9se","volume":"21","year":"2022","journal-title":"IME\u2014Az Eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi Vezet\u0151k Szaklapja"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102236","article-title":"Youth with elevated psychopathic traits exhibit structural integrity deficits in the uncinate fasciculus","volume":"26","author":"Maurer","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01382-z","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in youth with ADHD: The role of impairments in cognitive emotion regulation","volume":"272","author":"Mayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2352(99)00041-0","article-title":"Strain, anger, and delinquent adaptations specifying general strain","volume":"28","author":"Mazerolle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2307\/1130972","article-title":"Juvenile delinquency and attention deficit disorder: Boys\u2019 developmental trajectories from age 3 to age 15","volume":"61","author":"Moffitt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior: A 10-year research review and a research agenda. Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401002097","article-title":"Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocialpathways among males and females","volume":"13","author":"Moffitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153722","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and risk of substance use disorder: Developmental considerations, potential pathways, and opportunities for research","volume":"10","author":"Molina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000064","article-title":"Conducting systematic reviews of association (etiology): The joanna briggs institute\u2019s approach","volume":"13","author":"Moola","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2014.1004035","article-title":"The effect of stigma on criminal offenders\u2019 functioning: A longitudinal mediational model","volume":"37","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Deviant Behavior"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mordre, M., Groholt, B., Kjelsberg, E., Sandstad, B., and Myhre, A. M. (2011). The impact of ADHD and conduct disorder in childhood on adult delinquency: A 30 years follow-up study using official crime records. BMC Psychiatry, 11, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-57"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Munene, A., and James, N. (2025, June 20). The prevalence of conduct disorder among juvenile delinquents in selected rehabilitation schools in Kenya, Available online: https:\/\/repository.daystar.ac.ke\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/3134\/Conduct%20Disorder%20among%20Juvenile%20Delinquents.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Methodological quality of case series studies: An introduction to the JBI critical appraisal tool","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Evidence Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2017.1288668","article-title":"Associate factors of delinquency among incarcerated male juveniles in a borstal institution in Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Olashore","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Forensic Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-017-0816-8","article-title":"ADHD modulates the course of delinquency: A 15-year follow-up study of young incarcerated man *","volume":"268","author":"Clasen","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2014.960439","article-title":"Contrasting psychosocial outcomes in Chinese delinquent adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder symptoms and\/or reading disability *","volume":"26","author":"Poon","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1350\/ijps.4.4.344.10873","article-title":"The relationship of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to crime and delinquency: A meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Pratt","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Police Science & Management"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-004-0470-9","article-title":"Psychometric and psychopathological characterization of young male prison inmates with and without attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder *","volume":"254","author":"Retz","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-010-0037-8","article-title":"Association of ADHD with reactive and proactive violent behavior in a forensic population","volume":"2","author":"Retz","year":"2010","journal-title":"ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, K. (2011). What makes juvenile offenders different from adult offenders?, Australian Institute of Criminology.","DOI":"10.52922\/ti274705"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Royal College of Psychiatrists (2025, January 06). \u201cBlame it on the brain\u201d: Exploring ADHD as a criminogenic factor, Available online: https:\/\/www.rcpsych.ac.uk\/docs\/default-source\/members\/faculties\/forensic-psychiatry\/ls---blame-it-on-the-brain--exploring-adhd-as-a-criminogenic-factor.pdf?sfvrsn=2fcee45d_2."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-004-0470-9","article-title":"Prevalence of attention deficit\u2013\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disorders in young male prison inmates *","volume":"254","author":"Retz","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-008-0841-8","article-title":"Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in female offenders: Prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial implications","volume":"259","author":"Retz","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2267","article-title":"Offence type and neurodiversity: A comparison of 12\u201317-year-old boys charged with a criminal offence by diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or both *","volume":"32","author":"Rutten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128793039003010","article-title":"Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life","volume":"39","author":"Sampson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12249","article-title":"ADHD and risky sexual behavior in adolescents: Conduct problems and substance use as mediators of risk *","volume":"55","author":"Sarver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370810376568","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and criminal behaviour: The role of adolescent marginalization","volume":"7","author":"Savolainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Criminology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0126","article-title":"Impulsive aggression as a comorbidity of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Saylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2022.29.4.14","article-title":"Relationship between parenting style and risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in elementary school children","volume":"29","author":"Setyanisa","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9443-9","article-title":"The delinquency outcomes of boys with ADHD with and without comorbidity *","volume":"39","author":"Sibley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70302-5","article-title":"Contact with the juvenile justice system in children treated with stimulant medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A population study *","volume":"1","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smallenburg, L. C. S., Spaan, P., Grootendorst-van Mil, N. H., Bouter, D. C., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Kempes, M., and Roza, S. J. (2024). Sex differences in associations between adolescent psychopathology and delinquency. JAACAP Open, S2949732924000978.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2024.12.002"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2016.09.004","article-title":"A 3-year follow-up study of Swedish youths committed to juvenile institutions: Frequent occurrence of criminality and health care use regardless of drug abuse *","volume":"50","author":"Boman","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0511-1","article-title":"Predictors of antisocial behaviour in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"15","author":"Thapar","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00148.x","article-title":"Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an anxiety disorders population: ADHD in anxiety disorders","volume":"17","author":"Mancini","year":"2011","journal-title":"CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP625","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517734225","article-title":"The role of ADHD in predicting the development of violent behavior among juvenile offenders: Participation versus frequency *","volume":"36","author":"Wojciechowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4231","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291724002514","article-title":"Exploring associations between ADHD symptoms and emotional problems from childhood to adulthood: Shared aetiology or possible causal relationship?","volume":"54","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, S., Adamo, N., \u00c1sgeirsd\u00f3ttir, B. B., Branney, P., Beckett, M., Colley, W., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Farrag, E., Gudjonsson, G., Hill, P., Hollingdale, J., Kilic, O., Lloyd, T., Mason, P., Paliokosta, E., Perecherla, S., Sedgwick, J., Skirrow, C., and Woodhouse, E. (2020). Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry, 20, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02707-9"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02308-0","article-title":"ADHD and offending","volume":"128","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0436-6","article-title":"The complicated relationship between attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders","volume":"16","author":"Zulauf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/8\/1044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:20:58Z","timestamp":1760034058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/8\/1044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bs15081044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs15081044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}