{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:06Z","timestamp":1760060106697,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Chinese Language Education Research Program","award":["23YH84D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YH84D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Teachers often raise their vocal volume to improve intelligibility or capture students\u2019 attention. While this practice is common in second language (L2) teaching, its effects on tone perception remain understudied. To fill this gap, this study explores the effects of loud speech on Mandarin tone perception for L2 learners. Twenty-two native Mandarin speakers and twenty-two Thai L2 learners were tested on their perceptual accuracy and reaction time in identifying Mandarin tones in loud and normal modes. Results revealed a significant between-group difference: native speakers consistently demonstrated a ceiling effect across all tones, while L2 learners exhibited lower accuracy, particularly for Tone 3, the falling-rising tone. The loud speech had different impacts on the two groups. For native speakers, tone perception accuracy remained stable across different speech modes. In contrast, for L2 learners, loud speech significantly reduced the accuracy of Tone 3 identification and increased confusion between Tones 2 and 3. Reaction times in milliseconds were prolonged for all tones in loud speech for both groups. When subtracting the length of the tones, the delay of RT was evident only for Tones 3 and 4. Therefore, raising the speaking volume negatively affects the Mandarin tone perception of L2 learners, especially in distinguishing Tone 2 and Tone 3. Our findings have implications for both theories of L2 tone perception and pedagogical practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15081062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T10:50:21Z","timestamp":1754391021000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of Mandarin Tones in Loud Speech for Native Speakers and Second Language Learners"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9448-3511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3968-9530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weitong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Studies in Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yilun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263118000074","article-title":"Observing and producing pitch gestures facilitates the learning of Mandarin Chinese tones and words","volume":"41","author":"Baills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105201","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0021315","article-title":"Reduced vowel space in video conferences via Zoom: Evidence from read speech","volume":"3","author":"Belz","year":"2023","journal-title":"JASA Express Letters"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30357-2","article-title":"Effects of syllable duration on the perception of the Mandarin Tone 2\/Tone 3 distinction: Evidence of auditory enhancement","volume":"18","author":"Blicher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, M., Pavlik, P. 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