{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:04:25Z","timestamp":1792505065519,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attachment styles and defense mechanisms are widely recognized as central components in personality development. However, few empirical studies have examined their combined contribution to maladaptive personality traits within the dimensional framework of the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). This study investigated the extent to which adult attachment styles and defense mechanisms predict the five AMPD maladaptive personality domains: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. Data were collected from a community sample of 400 adults (190 males, 47.5%), aged 18 to 69 years (M = 36.96; SD = 11.59). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted for each maladaptive personality domain to examine the predictive roles of attachment styles and defense mechanisms. Our findings indicate that each maladaptive personality domain is associated with specific configurations of attachment styles and defense mechanisms. In conclusion, the findings suggest the relevance of assessing adult attachment styles and defensive functioning in clinical contexts in order to deepen the understanding of the individuals\u2019 personality profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15091154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:25:57Z","timestamp":1756189557000},"page":"1154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Textures of Personality: The Role of Attachment Insecurities and Defense Mechanisms in Maladaptive Personality Functioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9967-6259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro Vito","family":"Di Caro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, UKE\u2014Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3411-2956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephin","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, UKE\u2014Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Scalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50100 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5140-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Passanisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, UKE\u2014Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5181-2648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Schimmenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, UKE\u2014Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-006-7962-x","article-title":"Comparison of attachment styles in borderline personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder","volume":"77","author":"Aaronson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatric Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ainsworth, M. 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