{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T05:32:58Z","timestamp":1781933578331,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson disease (PD) patients are particularly vulnerable to the effects of loneliness. The objective of this longitudinal study was to assess how the COVID-19 pandemic affected loneliness in PD patients by identifying the correlates of loneliness during the pandemic in the US and to establish a rationale for providing emotional support and restoring morale. Consecutive PD outpatients were recruited during June 2016\u2013May 2017. Data on sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological variables were obtained. During October\u2013December 2020, participants were mailed a questionnaire about some of the variables studied at baseline and new variables specifically related to the pandemic. Univariate, bivariate, and forward linear regression analyses were used to identify the correlates of loneliness. Sex, demoralization, and baseline PD health-related quality of life were significantly associated with loneliness during COVID-19 pandemic, with women reporting more loneliness than men. To examine loneliness specifically associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, loneliness prior to the pandemic was controlled, with only sex and demoralization remaining statistically significant. Interventions aimed at restoring morale and providing emotional support should be included as an essential component of any treatment plan designed to alleviate loneliness during public health emergencies that require social isolation, such as a pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15091233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T15:39:23Z","timestamp":1757518763000},"page":"1233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Correlates of Loneliness in Parkinson Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6944-6826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"de Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5242-3502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amar S.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elijah","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2062-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elan D.","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0166-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian B.","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-022-02141-6","article-title":"COVID-19 and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Afraie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Belgica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation","volume":"20","author":"Ahorsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110066","article-title":"Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness","volume":"169","author":"Barreto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Beck, A. 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