{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:43:20Z","timestamp":1760060600095,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010245","name":"Social Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L22CSH006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L22CSH006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Risky driving behaviour is closely related to traffic accidents, and the tendency to engage in such behaviour is related to a driver\u2019s ability to resist peer pressure. However, to our knowledge, the relationship between risky driving behaviour and the ability to resist peer pressure among young drivers in China remains unexplored. This study aimed to translate and adapt the Resistance to Peer Influence (RPI) Scale to Chinese drivers and examine whether RPI can moderate the influence of peer pressure on risky driving behaviours. A total of 269 drivers were recruited for this research. These drivers completed the Safe Driving Climate among Friends (SDCaF) Scale, the Peer Pressure on Risky Driving Scale (PPRDS), the RPI Scale and a scale that measured risky driving behaviours. The Chinese version of the RPI scale consists of 10 items and has acceptable reliability. The significant correlations observed among the RPI scale, the SDCaF, the PPRDS and risky driving behaviour indicate that the convergent and discriminant validity of the RPI scale is satisfactory. RPI, friend pressure and shared commitment explained 16.5% of the variance in risky driving behaviour, whereas RPI and risk-encouraging direct peer pressure explained 15.8% of this variance. RPI moderated the relationship between shared commitment and risky driving behaviour. Lower levels of shared commitment combined with low RPI were linked to higher levels of risky driving. RPI also moderated the relationship between risk-encouraging direct peer pressure and risky driving behaviour. Higher levels of risk-encouraging peer pressure were associated with more risky driving regardless of the level of RPI. RPI has acceptable internal consistency and validity and has the potential to serve as a valid tool for assessing and training young drivers in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15091237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T08:55:02Z","timestamp":1757580902000},"page":"1237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychometric Adaptation and Validity of the Resistance to Peer Influence Scale Among Young Chinese Drivers and Its Links with Peer Pressure and Risky Driving Behaviours"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wenchengxu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6813-1943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2720-9555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.08.017","article-title":"\u201cYou are the company you keep\u201d: A study of peer pressure on driving","volume":"106","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elwan, A. H., Samaha, A., and Abdelaziz, W. E. (2024). Bullying and oral health in Egyptian adolescents: The moderating role of sense of coherence and resistance to peer influence. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04937-9"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.10.014","article-title":"Peer pressure and risk taking in young drivers\u2019 speeding behavior","volume":"35","author":"Gheorghiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.10.021","article-title":"Safe driving climate among friends (SDCaF): A new scale","volume":"110","author":"Guggenheim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach, Guilford."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2025.02.011","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the peer pressure on risky driving scale in young Chinese drivers and its associations with risky driving behaviours and safe driving climate among friends","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.11.009","article-title":"Peer influence on speeding behaviour among male drivers aged 18 and 28","volume":"64","author":"Haustein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of China (2025, May 01). Number of traffic accidents for 2023, Available online: https:\/\/data.stats.gov.cn\/easyquery.htm?cn=C01."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.04.024","article-title":"The effect of male teenage passengers on male teenage drivers: Findings from a driving simulator study","volume":"58","author":"Ouimet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2023.09.006","article-title":"The young male driving problem: Relationship between safe driving climate among friends, peer pressure and driving styles","volume":"98","author":"Padilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005152515264","article-title":"Measuring peer pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and girls: Predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and substance abuse","volume":"29","author":"Santor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2011.00735.x","article-title":"Susceptible to social influence: Risky \u201cdriving\u201d in response to peer pressure1","volume":"41","author":"Shepherd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"829","article-title":"Relationship between resistance to peer influence and risky driving attitudes in sample of Lithuanian driver-learners","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"The European Health Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2013.12.001","article-title":"The parental bond, resistance to peer influence, and risky driving in adolescence","volume":"22","author":"Smorti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12864","article-title":"The role of social context in risky decision-making: Presence of friend and low resistance to peer influence increase risky decision-making","volume":"57","author":"Spohn","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.6.1531","article-title":"Age differences in resistance to peer influence","volume":"43","author":"Steinberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2010.04.004","article-title":"Social desirability and self-reported driving behaviours: Should we be worried?","volume":"13","author":"Sullman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2008.08.010","article-title":"The developmental pattern of resistance to peer influence in adolescence: Will the teenager ever be able to resist?","volume":"32","author":"Sumter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2022.04.005","article-title":"Peer pressure and risky driving: Development of a new scale","volume":"82","author":"Ledesma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2025.04.004","article-title":"Effects of safe driving climate among peers on the reckless driving behaviours of young drivers: The moderating effects of family climate and safety attitudes","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.03.003","article-title":"Designing road safety interventions for young drivers: The power of peer influence","volume":"55","author":"Weston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"155","article-title":"Measurement invariance of the resistance to peer influence scale across culture and gender","volume":"18","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.02.019","article-title":"Adaptation of the safe driving climate among friends scale in Chinese drivers and its associations with risky driving behaviors","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/9\/1237\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:43:41Z","timestamp":1760035421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/9\/1237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs15091237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs15091237","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-328X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]}}}