{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:31:10Z","timestamp":1791466270138,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32400917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32400917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202403021221167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202403021221167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["32400917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32400917"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["202403021221167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202403021221167"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Negative social feedback can cause social pain and may damage physical and mental health. In particular, negative social feedback from acquaintances deeply activates the social pain brain network between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), the anterior insula, and the amygdala, inducing stronger emotional responses and memories. This study used a social appraisal paradigm to investigate the potential benefits of emotional regulation in the face of negative social feedback from acquaintances, as measured by emotional responses and memories. The results showed that negative social feedback sent by acquaintances induced stronger emotional experiences and deeper negative memories than those sent by strangers. Cognitive reappraisal and distraction could reduce the negative emotions induced by negative social feedback sent by acquaintances; however, they did not affect the forgetting of memories of negative social feedback. Further analyses revealed that the emotion regulation strategy was more effective in alleviating negative emotions in the group with self-reported low-depressive symptoms compared to the group with self-reported high-depressive symptoms. Thus, the study suggests that the effectiveness of emotional regulation strategies varies across different relational contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15091294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T17:08:17Z","timestamp":1758560897000},"page":"1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Emotion Regulation Modulates Affective Responses Without Altering Memory Traces: A Study of Negative Social Feedback from Acquaintances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.02.005","article-title":"Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain\u2019s default network","volume":"65","author":"Reidler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.5.1252","article-title":"Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?","volume":"74","author":"Baumeister","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","article-title":"The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation","volume":"117","author":"Baumeister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., and Brown, G. K. (1987). Beck depression inventory, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104747","article-title":"Relations between emotion regulation strategies and affect in daily life: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessments","volume":"139","author":"Boemo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001182","article-title":"Social feedback promotes positive social sharing, trust, and closeness","volume":"23","author":"Brudner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13715","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13715","article-title":"Emotion context insensitivity in depression: Toward an integrated and contextualized approach","volume":"58","author":"Bylsma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.2.151","article-title":"The relational self revealed: Integrative conceptualization and implications for interpersonal life","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W. L., and Liao, W. T. (2021). Emotion regulation in close relationships: The role of Individual differences and situational context. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.697901"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2021.01094","article-title":"The role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on voluntary forgetting of negative social feedback in depressed patients: A TMS study","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica Sinica"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000646","article-title":"Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic process","volume":"20","author":"Cludius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craik, F. I. (2014). Effects of distraction on memory and cognition: A commentary. Frontiers in Psychology, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00841"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102480","article-title":"The deficit in cognitive reappraisal capacity in individuals with anxiety or depressive disorders: Meta-analyses of behavioral and neuroimaging studies","volume":"114","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01836.x","article-title":"Emotion regulation strategies that promote learning: Reappraisal enhances children\u2019s memory for educational information","volume":"84","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167292183003","article-title":"Expressiveness and expressive control","volume":"18","author":"DePaulo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3027","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression","volume":"12","author":"Disner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09436-6","article-title":"Depression and cognitive control across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Dotson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.6.3.356","article-title":"Spontaneous emotion regulation during evaluated speaking tasks: Associations with negative affect, anxiety expression, memory, and physiological responding","volume":"6","author":"Egloff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089134","article-title":"Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion","volume":"302","author":"Eisenberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2020.09.008","article-title":"A single-session workshop to enhance emotional awareness and emotion regulation for graduate students: A pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Emily","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognitive and Behavioral Practice"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15726","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1856-10.2010","article-title":"Acute and sustained effects of cognitive emotion regulation in major depression","volume":"30","author":"Erk","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.5.816","article-title":"Adult attachment and the defensive regulation of attention and memory: Examining the role of preemptive and postemptive defensive processes","volume":"79","author":"Fraley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719003222","article-title":"Social reinforcement learning as a predictor of real-life experiences in individuals with high and low depressive symptomatology","volume":"51","author":"Frey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.1.224","article-title":"Antecedent-and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology","volume":"74","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Pervin, L. A., and John, O. P. (1999). Emotion and emotion regulation. Handbook of personality: Theory and research, Guilford. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348","article-title":"Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being","volume":"85","author":"Gross","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, J. P., Morey, R. A., Petty, C. M., Seth, S., Smoski, M. J., McCarthy, G., and LaBar, K. S. (2010). Staying cool when things get hot: Emotion regulation modulates neural mechanisms of memory encoding. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00230"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22445","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910651106","article-title":"Reduced capacity to sustain positive emotion in major depression reflects diminished maintenance of fronto-striatal brain activation","volume":"106","author":"Heller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.10.014","article-title":"Neural activity to a partner\u2019s facial expression predicts self-regulation after conflict","volume":"67","author":"Hooker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073915594436","article-title":"Emotional reactions to facial expressions in social anxiety: A meta-analysis of self-reports","volume":"8","author":"Kivity","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25824","article-title":"The causal role of the bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortices on emotion regulation of social feedback","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807041106","article-title":"Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control","volume":"106","author":"Liston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21243","article-title":"The neural bases of distraction and reappraisal","volume":"22","author":"McRae","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Mikulincer, M., and Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000825","article-title":"The role of cognitive reappraisal and expectations in dealing with social feedback","volume":"22","author":"Nasso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.11.034","article-title":"Prefrontal engagement by cognitive reappraisal of negative faces","volume":"279","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929042947829","article-title":"Reflecting upon feelings: An fMRI study of neural systems supporting the attribution of emotion to self and other","volume":"16","author":"Ochsner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.01.044","article-title":"Amygdala response and functional connectivity during emotion regulation: A study of 14 depressed adolescents","volume":"139","author":"Perlman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.11.016","article-title":"Cognitive reappraisal of peer rejection in depressed versus non-depressed adolescents: Functional connectivity differences","volume":"61","author":"Platt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.09.012","article-title":"Brain responses to social feedback in internalizing disorders: A comprehensive review","volume":"118","author":"Rappaport","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075030205002","article-title":"Emotion regulation in romantic relationships: The cognitive consequences of concealing feelings","volume":"20","author":"Richards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.3.410","article-title":"Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one\u2019s cool","volume":"79","author":"Richards","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2005.07.002","article-title":"Personality and emotional memory: How regulating emotion impairs memory for emotional events","volume":"40","author":"Richards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3776","article-title":"The neurobiology of rewards and values in social decision making","volume":"15","author":"Ruff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013711","article-title":"Divergent cognitive costs for online forms of reappraisal and distraction","volume":"8","author":"Sheppes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1728","article-title":"Anterior cingulate cortex responds differentially to expectancy violation and social rejection","volume":"9","author":"Somerville","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"608","article-title":"Compilation and evaluation of preliminary system of Chinese emotional words","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5380","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6380","article-title":"Separate neural representations for physical pain and social rejection","volume":"5","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13790","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13790","article-title":"Forgetting positive social feedback is difficult: ERP evidence in a directed forgetting paradigm","volume":"58","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2023.00905","article-title":"Emotion regulation promotes forgetting of negative social feedback: Behavioral and EEG evidence","volume":"55","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica Sinica"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.020","article-title":"Aberrant social feedback processing and its impact on memory, social evaluation, and decision-making among individuals with depressive symptoms","volume":"300","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.009","article-title":"Neuroimaging cognitive reappraisal in clinical populations to define neural targets for enhancing emotion regulation. A systematic review","volume":"151","author":"Zilverstand","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/bs15111470","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000}}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/9\/1294\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:39:58Z","timestamp":1762508398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/9\/1294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bs15091294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs15091294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]}}}