{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:10:56Z","timestamp":1783401056820,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youth Fund Project of Humanities and Social Science Research of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["22YJCZH253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJCZH253"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous research has not fully addressed the distinction between different sources of exclusion, focusing predominantly on how being excluded by strangers affects inhibitory control. To address this gap, this study employs a Go\/Nogo task to examine how exclusion by individuals with varying degrees of social proximity (close vs. distant) affects inhibitory control. The results revealed that exclusion by both friends (p = 0.018) and strangers (p = 0.001) elicited significantly greater N270 amplitudes compared to inclusion by others. Conversely, the amplitude of the LPC was larger in the inclusion by others category than in both the friend (p = 0.011) and stranger (p &lt; 0.001) exclusion categories. These results suggest that social exclusion triggers a state of heightened alertness and impairs inhibitory control, regardless of the source of the relationship. This is evidenced by the lack of significant differences in N270 and LPC amplitudes between friend and stranger exclusion. These results suggest that while the cognitive control failure theory provides a reasonable explanation for certain aspects of the data, it may not fully account for the observed phenomena. By contrast, the relevant theory of social exclusion\u2014which emphasizes both resources and motivation\u2014provides a better explanation for these phenomena. This study contributes to understanding the inhibitory control mechanisms underlying behavioral responses after social exclusion, and the findings further support the value of theories that emphasize both resources and motivation when interpreting such responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15101305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:16:11Z","timestamp":1758719771000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Exclusion from Close Versus Distant Relationships on Inhibitory Control: An ERP Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8774-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhejiang International Studies University, 299, Liuhe Road, Xihu, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangping","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhizhuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongtong","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21852","article-title":"Lonely hearts and angry minds: Online dating rejection increases male (but not female) hostility","volume":"45","author":"Andrighetto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.4.589","article-title":"Social Exclusion Impairs Self-Regulation","volume":"88","author":"Baumeister","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107062","article-title":"Why didn\u2019t you tag me?!: Social exclusion from Instagram posts hurts, especially those with a high need to belong","volume":"127","author":"Rudert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2019.05.012","article-title":"The effect of age on N2 and P3 components: A meta-analysis of Go\/Nogo tasks","volume":"135","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023842","article-title":"The general aggression model: Theoretical extensions to violence","volume":"1","author":"DeWall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychology of Violence"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21735","article-title":"The lone gamer: Social exclusion predicts violent video game preferences and fuels aggressive inclinations in adolescent players","volume":"44","author":"Gabbiadini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2019.102848","article-title":"Parts of me: Identity-relevance moderates selfprioritization","volume":"77","author":"Golubickis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13016","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13016","article-title":"Dynamics of cognitive control: Theoretical bases, paradigms, and a view for the future","volume":"55","author":"Gratton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2017.1304309","article-title":"A social exclusion manipulation interacts with acquired capability for suicide to predict self-aggressive behaviors","volume":"22","author":"Hames","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives of Suicide Research"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.12.1280","article-title":"Beyond pleasure and pain","volume":"52","author":"Higgins","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikeda, T., and Takeda, Y. 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