{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T20:18:35Z","timestamp":1783369115288,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24BTY093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24BTY093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JC-YBMS-726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-YBMS-726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province, China","award":["24BTY093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24BTY093"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province, China","award":["2025JC-YBMS-726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-YBMS-726"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial representation is a core element of spatial cognition in orienteering, but the visual-spatial neural modulation mechanisms underlying spatial representations with differently oriented maps have not yet been systematically elucidated. This study recruited 67 orienteering athletes as participants and employed a single-factor (map orientation: normal vs. rotated) between-subjects experimental design. Eye-tracking and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) techniques were used simultaneously to collect behavioral, eye movement, and brain activity data, investigating the effects of map orientation on visual attention and brain activity characteristics during terrain symbol representation processing in orienteering athletes. The results revealed that compared to the normal orientation, the rotated orientation led to significantly decreased task accuracy, significantly prolonged reaction times, and significantly increased saccade amplitude and pupil diameter. Brain activation analysis showed that the rotated orientation elicited significantly higher activation levels in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R-DLPFC), bilateral parietal lobe cortex (L-PL, R-PL), right temporal lobe (R-TL), and visual cortex (VC) compared to the normal orientation, along with enhanced functional connectivity. Correlation analysis revealed that under normal map orientation, accuracy was positively correlated with both saccade amplitude and pupil diameter; accuracy was positively correlated with activation in the R-DLPFC; saccade amplitude was positively correlated with activation in the R-DLPFC and R-PL; and pupil diameter was positively correlated with activation in the R-DLPFC. Under rotated map orientation, accuracy was positively correlated with saccade amplitude and pupil diameter, and pupil diameter was positively correlated with activation in both the L-PL and R-PL. The results indicate that map orientation significantly influences the visual search patterns and neural activity characteristics of orienteering athletes, impacting task performance through the coupling mode of visual-neural activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15101314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:48:05Z","timestamp":1758808085000},"page":"1314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neural Mechanisms of the Impact of Rotated Terrain Symbols on Spatial Representation in Orienteers: Evidence from Eye-Tracking and Whole-Brain fNIRS Synchronization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8536-0502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijia","family":"Ou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, North East Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, North East Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8150-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2022.103015","article-title":"Effects of attentional focus and cognitive load on novice dart throwing: Evidence from quiet eye duration and pupillary responses","volume":"86","author":"Asadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-016-0002-y","article-title":"Learning to interpret topographic maps: Understanding layered spatial information","volume":"1","author":"Atit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2016.00495","article-title":"Comparison of motor execution and motor imagery brain activation patterns: A fNIRS study","volume":"48","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica Sinica"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1997.0925","article-title":"Examining the right temporal lobe\u2019s role in nonverbal memory","volume":"35","author":"Barr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721418793133","article-title":"The double take of expertise: Neural expansion is associated with outstanding performance","volume":"27","author":"Bilalic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.07.008","article-title":"Eye tracking measures of uncertainty during perceptual decision making","volume":"120","author":"Brunye","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burge, W. 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