{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:46:35Z","timestamp":1759452395890,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intimate partner violence (IPV) has far-reaching health and social consequences, particularly for survivors experiencing polyvictimization\u2014multiple forms of IPV such as physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. This study examined help-seeking behaviors and the perceived helpfulness of formal support sources (police, medical professionals, and psychologists) among a nationally representative sample of 2387 IPV survivors drawn from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) in the United States. Latent class analysis identified three distinct polyvictimization profiles: Coercive Control and Psychological Aggression (CCPA), Psychological and Physical Violence (PPV), and Multiple Violence (MV). Survivors\u2019 patterns of formal help-seeking varied significantly by gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and type of victimization. Psychologists were the most commonly contacted and perceived as the most helpful overall, though disparities emerged. Female survivors and those with less severe victimization were more likely to rate support as helpful, whereas male and sexual\/gender minority (SGM) survivors, particularly those facing severe or multiple forms of violence, were less likely to find formal sources helpful\u2014especially law enforcement. These findings highlight the need for more inclusive, culturally competent, and trauma-informed services tailored to the diverse experiences of IPV survivors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15101350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:07:48Z","timestamp":1759417668000},"page":"1350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors for Perceived Helpfulness of Support Sources Among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hyunkag","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7183-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woojong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Work Department, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI 48502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaytee","family":"Gillis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasey","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e122","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2020.40","article-title":"Implications of language barriers for healthcare: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Almutairi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oman Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.095208","article-title":"Exploring gender differences in the patterns of intimate partner violence in Canada: A latent class approach","volume":"64","author":"Ansara","year":"2010a","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.12.009","article-title":"Formal and informal help-seeking associated with women\u2019s and men\u2019s experiences of intimate partner violence in Canada","volume":"70","author":"Ansara","year":"2010b","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517715022","article-title":"Academic correlates of unwanted sexual contact, intercourse, stalking, and intimate partner violence: An understudied but important consequence for college students","volume":"35","author":"Banyard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bass, B., and Nagy, H. 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