{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:13:03Z","timestamp":1788520383860,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01CA218188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA218188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Healthcare discrimination is an important barrier to accessing services among Latino populations in the United States. However, few validated scales have been developed to systematically examine this issue. In this study, we evaluated the validity and reliability of a bilingual healthcare discrimination scale in a sample of churchgoing Latino adults in Los Angeles, California. The study sample included 336 participants (foreign-born: 250; US-born: 86) who attended 12 Catholic churches in Los Angeles. Psychometric testing of the 7-item healthcare discrimination (HCD) scale included internal consistency; split-half reliability; convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity; and confirmatory factor analyses. The HCD had relatively high internal consistency (full sample Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 = 0.92; foreign-born: 0.91; US-born: 0.92) and showed good convergent and discriminant validity, as it was moderately correlated with the depression scale (full sample r = 0.28, p &lt; 0.001) and weakly correlated with the acculturation scale (full sample r = 0.15, p = 0.008). Confirmatory factor analyses yielded further support for a one-factor solution. Our study finds that the HCD is a valid and reliable scale for use among churchgoing Latino adult populations in the United States. Future studies should examine the psychometric properties of the HCD among Latinos of diverse backgrounds, geographic locations, religious beliefs, and languages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15111514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T14:55:15Z","timestamp":1762527315000},"page":"1514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Validity and Reliability of a Bilingual Healthcare Discrimination Scale Among Churchgoing Latino Adults in Los Angeles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2788-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel F.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cevallos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Pinto-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5758-433X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen R.","family":"Fl\u00f3rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Systems and Community Design, Graduate School of Public Health and Heath Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-6024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn P.","family":"Derose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Policy Sciences, RAND, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31827310a1","article-title":"Prior experiences of racial discrimination and racial differences in health care system distrust","volume":"51","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301777","article-title":"Racial discrimination in health care settings: Does insurance matter?","volume":"104","author":"Bachhuber","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Baldwin, S. 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