{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:50:01Z","timestamp":1789437001016,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consorzio Melinda Sca","award":["0005610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0005610"]}]},{"name":"Consorzio Melinda Sca","award":["DBA.AD001.491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBA.AD001.491"]}]},{"name":"Tuscany Regional Government under the project Forests and Health","award":["1241140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1241140"]}]},{"name":"Partenio Regional Park","award":["Resolution: 27\u201320 March 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Resolution: 27\u201320 March 2025"]}]},{"name":"Cimini Mountains Authority\u2014Vico Lake Reserve under the project Nature and\/is Wellbeing","award":["D94J25000570002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D94J25000570002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forest therapy, guided by clinical professionals (psychologists or psychotherapists), is increasingly recognized as a preventive and complementary health practice with evidence-based therapeutic potential; however, the specific contribution of therapist guidance compared to self-guided immersion remains unclear. This retrospective study evaluated the short-term mental health outcomes of therapist-guided (TG) compared to self-guided (SG) forest immersion, based on the validated State\u2013Trait Anxiety Inventory and Profile of Mood States questionnaires. Data were collected from 282 adults participating in eight paired TG\u2013SG sessions conducted at the same forest sites across Italy. The results showed that TG sessions were associated with greater improvements in state anxiety, self-esteem, and total mood disturbance, with statistically significant effects in most cases. Therapist-led guidance also occasionally reduced interindividual variability, suggesting enhanced emotional regulation. An illustrative economic assessment, based on standardized psychometric improvements translated into quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), indicated that the TG sessions yielded approximately 1.7 times the annual per-person economic value of the SG sessions, outweighing the associated therapist-related costs. These findings suggest that TG forest therapy interventions deliver significant and economically quantifiable added value compared to SG experiences, supporting their inclusion in preventive health and mental well-being programs and justifying further longitudinal and cost-effectiveness investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15121618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T14:59:04Z","timestamp":1763996344000},"page":"1618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Therapist-Guided Versus Self-Guided Forest Immersion: Comparative Efficacy on Short-Term Mental Health and Economic Value"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9749-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Rivieccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Ricerca Politiche e Bioeconomia, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l\u2019Analisi dell\u2019Economia Agraria, I-00178 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5952-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Meneguzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioeconomy, National Research Council, 10 Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"},{"name":"Central Scientific Committee, Italian Alpine Club, I-20124 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Margheritini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Scientific Committee, Italian Alpine Club, I-20124 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group Anthropology of Health\u2014Biosphere and Healing Systems, University of Genoa, I-16128 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ubaldo","family":"Riccucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simple Departmental Operating Unit Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Cecina Hospital, I-57023 Cecina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1505-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Zabini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioeconomy, National Research Council, 10 Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15612-6","article-title":"Nature perception and positive emotions in urban forest parks enhance subjective well-being","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164402062004005","article-title":"Reliability generalization of scores on the spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory","volume":"62","author":"Barnes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beretta, L., and Santaniello, A. (2016). Nearest neighbor imputation algorithms: A critical evaluation. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 16, (S3).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-016-0318-z"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12631-6","article-title":"Economic value of protected areas via visitor mental health","volume":"10","author":"Buckley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2022.109665","article-title":"Economic value of nature via healthcare savings and productivity increases","volume":"272","author":"Buckley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10723","article-title":"Principal sensory experiences of forest visitors in four countries, for evidence-based nature therapy","volume":"6","author":"Buckley","year":"2024","journal-title":"People and Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187435012209200","DOI":"10.2174\/18743501-v15-e220922-2021-HT3-1755-1","article-title":"New perspectives in psychopathology and psychological well-being by using forest therapy: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Caponnetto","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Open Psychology Journal"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.70165","article-title":"Duration and economic value of a walking-in-nature therapy programme: Implications for conservation","volume":"7","author":"Chauvenet","year":"2025","journal-title":"People and Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Meng, Z., and Luo, J. (2025). Is forest bathing a panacea for mental health problems? A narrative review. Frontiers in Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1454992"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02005-w","article-title":"Comprehensive snapshots of natural killer cells functions, signaling, molecular mechanisms and clinical utilization","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, Routledge. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Cram\u00e9r, H. (1999). Mathematical methods of statistics, Princeton University Press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63657-w","article-title":"Scenting serenity: Influence of essential-oil vaporization on dental anxiety\u2014A cluster-randomized, controlled, single-blinded study (AROMA_dent)","volume":"14","author":"Czakert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.5334\/irsp.82","article-title":"Why psychologists should by default use welch\u2019s t-test instead of student\u2019s t-test","volume":"30","author":"Delacre","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Review of Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","article-title":"Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm","volume":"39","author":"Dempster","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donelli, D., Meneguzzo, F., Antonelli, M., Ardissino, D., Niccoli, G., Gronchi, G., Baraldi, R., Neri, L., and Zabini, F. (2023). Effects of plant-emitted monoterpenes on anxiety symptoms: A propensity-matched observational cohort study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20, (4).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20042773"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efron, B., and Tibshirani, R. J. (1994). An introduction to the bootstrap. An introduction to the bootstrap, Chapman and Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429246593"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.903","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves\u2014Facts, fallacies and frequently asked questions","volume":"13","author":"Fenwick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Economics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110591","article-title":"Longitudinal study on affect, psychological well-being, depression, mental and physical health, prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain","volume":"172","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"93","article-title":"Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of an abbreviated profile of mood states","volume":"23","author":"Grove","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport Psychology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-024-01812-9","article-title":"The evidence for stress recovery in forest therapy programs: Investigating whether forest walking and guided forest therapy activities have the same potential?","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Forestry Research"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038822","article-title":"The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis","volume":"141","author":"Houben","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Kaplan, R., and Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J. G., and Shin, W. S. (2021). Forest therapy alone or with a guide: Is there a difference between self-guided forest therapy and guided forest therapy programs?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, (13).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136957"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-47","article-title":"Validity and responsiveness of the EQ-5D in assessing and valuing health status in patients with anxiety disorders","volume":"8","author":"Born","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q. (2025). Preventive effects of forest bathing\/shinrin-yoku on cardiovascular diseases: A review of mechanistic evidence. Forests, 16, (2).","DOI":"10.3390\/f16020310"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"uiaf041","DOI":"10.1093\/joccuh\/uiaf041","article-title":"Forest bathing improves inflammatory markers, SpO2 and subjective symptoms related to COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in male subjects at risk of developing COPD","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11469-x","article-title":"Forest soundscapes improve mood, restoration and cognition, but not physiological stress or immunity, relative to industrial soundscapes","volume":"15","author":"Longman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9521","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-05112-z","article-title":"Effectiveness of nature-based walking interventions in improving mental health in adults: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03372-w","article-title":"Role of inflammation in depressive and anxiety disorders, affect, and cognition: Genetic and non-genetic findings in the lifelines cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Slaney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, G., Cao, Y., Wang, B., Wang, S., Chen, Z., Wang, J., Xing, W., Ren, X., Lv, X., Dong, J., Chen, S., Chen, X., Wang, G., and Yan, J. (2017). The salutary influence of forest bathing on elderly patients with chronic heart failure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, (4).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040368"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1089\/eco.2019.0071","article-title":"Shinrin-yoku (Forest Bathing) Reduces stress and increases people\u2019s positive affect and well-being in comparison with its digital counterpart","volume":"12","author":"Markwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecopsychology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzoleni, E., Donelli, D., Zabini, F., Meneguzzo, F., and Antonelli, M. (2024). Forest therapy research in Europe: A scoping review of the scientific literature. Forests, 15, (5).","DOI":"10.3390\/f15050848"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2013.018","article-title":"The Chi-square test of independence","volume":"23","author":"McHugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochemia Medica"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"McKinney, W. (3, January June). Data structures for statistical computing in Python. 9th Python in Science Conference, Austin, TX, USA. Available online: https:\/\/proceedings.scipy.org\/articles\/Majora-92bf1922-00a.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294119884063","article-title":"Restorativeness in natural and urban environments: A meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"Menardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miani, A., and Shang, J. (2025). Nature as medicine: A one health approach to global health challenges. International Journal of Environmental Medicine, 1, (1).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijem1010002"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0602","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment: What it is and why it is a method of the future in clinical psychopharmacology","volume":"31","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000062554.74615.4C","article-title":"Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life","volume":"41","author":"Norman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87704-2","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of forest walking compared to urban walking in enhancing mucosal immunity","volume":"15","author":"Ochiai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paletto, A., Baldessari, S., Barbierato, E., Bernetti, I., Cerutti, A., Righi, S., Ruggieri, B., Landi, A., Notaro, S., and Sacchelli, S. (2025). A quantitative literature review on forest-based practices for human well-being. Forests, 16, (8).","DOI":"10.3390\/f16081246"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.113006.095941","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the placebo effect: Recent advances and current thought","volume":"59","author":"Price","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razani, N., Morshed, S., Kohn, M. A., Wells, N. M., Thompson, D., Alqassari, M., Agodi, A., and Rutherford, G. W. (2018). Effect of park prescriptions with and without group visits to parks on stress reduction in low-income parents: SHINE randomized trial. PLoS ONE, 13, (2).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192921"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-022-03141-y","article-title":"A qualitative investigation of the relevance of skin irritation and self-confidence bolt-ons and their conceptual overlap with the EQ-5D in patients with psoriasis","volume":"31","author":"Rencz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2011.582948","article-title":"Transient state-dependent fluctuations in anxiety measured using STAI, POMS, PANAS or VAS: A comparative review","volume":"25","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress and Coping"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-022-01215-w","article-title":"Role of economic evaluations on pricing of medicines reimbursed by the Italian national health service","volume":"41","author":"Russo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2025.103640","article-title":"Using the life satisfaction approach to economically value the health and wellbeing benefits of forest and green space visits in Italy","volume":"181","author":"Grilli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Forest Policy and Economics"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrat, M., Royuela-Colomer, E., Alonso-Marsol, S., Ferr\u00e9s, S., Nieto, R., Feliu-Soler, A., and Muro, A. (2025). The psychological benefits of forest bathing in individuals with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome\/myalgic encephalomyelitis: A pilot study. Healthcare, 13, (14).","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13141654"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.11628\/ksppe.2023.26.2.169","article-title":"The influence of self-guided and guided forest therapy program on students\u2019 psychological benefits","volume":"26","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of People, Plants, and Environment"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, W. S., Seong, I. K., and Kim, J. G. (2023). Psychological benefits of self-guided forest healing program using campus forests. Forests, 14, (2).","DOI":"10.3390\/f14020336"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Maruish, M. E. (1999). Measuring anxiety and anger with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56870-2","article-title":"Nature exposure induces analgesic effects by acting on nociception-related neural processing","volume":"16","author":"Steininger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000033","article-title":"Positive affect and markers of inflammation: Discrete positive emotions predict lower levels of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"15","author":"Stellar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-023-03519-6","article-title":"Content validity of the EQ-5D-5L with skin irritation and self-confidence bolt-ons in patients with atopic dermatitis: A qualitative think-aloud study","volume":"33","author":"Szeiffert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, C., Yin, J., An, Y., Wang, J., and Qiu, J. (2024). The structural validity and latent profile characteristics of the Abbreviated Profile of Mood States among Chinese athletes. BMC Psychiatry, 24, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06092-5"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.6.520","article-title":"Missing value estimation methods for DNA microarrays","volume":"17","author":"Troyanskaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80184-7","article-title":"Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments","volume":"11","author":"Ulrich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-019-0822-8","article-title":"Medical empirical research on forest bathing (Shinrin-yoku): A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/12\/1618\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T09:20:05Z","timestamp":1764062405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/15\/12\/1618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["bs15121618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs15121618","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]}}}