{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T05:19:00Z","timestamp":1765084740033,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The \u201ctip of the tongue\u201d (TOT) and \u201cfeeling of knowing\u201d (FOK) phenomena were cognitive experiences that notably affected word retrieval, particularly among older adults. The study aimed to investigate the influences of age of acquisition (AoA), vocabulary size, and verbal fluency on the frequency and nature of TOT and FOK occurrences as individuals aged. Methods: A behavioral experiment was conducted based on the two-step word retrieval framework established by Gollan and Brown in 2006. Early and late acquisition words were utilized to induce tip-of-the-tongue phenomena and the feeling of knowing. Additionally, vocabulary and verbal fluency tests were administered. Sixty monolingual older adults participated in the study (35 female, 25 male; mean age: 77.66 years). Mixed-effects linear regressions had been used to analyze the data. Results: The logistic regression analysis identified age of acquisition as the most significant predictor of TOT and FOK experiences (p &lt; 0.0001), highlighting that earlier vocabulary acquisition enhanced retrieval efficiency. Notable interactions between vocabulary size and verbal fluency illustrated that increased lexical knowledge diminished reliance on age of acquisition for successful retrieval. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of early vocabulary acquisition as a protective factor against cognitive decline in older adults, emphasizing the necessity for interventions aimed at enhancing vocabulary and fluency. This study contributed valuable insights into the cognitive mechanisms underlying language retrieval and suggested that fostering rich linguistic environments throughout life could facilitate better cognitive health in aging populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15121686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1764931838000},"page":"1686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the \u201cTip of the Tongue\u201d and \u201cFeeling of Knowing\u201d Phenomena During Advanced Aging: The Interplay of Age of Acquisition, Vocabulary and Verbal Fluency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2889-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7830-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasna","family":"Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7824-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Far\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Lagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Poza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Therapy, University of Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2294-1138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Riffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spanish, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7403-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Research in Education (CIAE), University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrams, L., and Davis, D. 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