{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T17:14:49Z","timestamp":1788628489184,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u00c9cole d\u2019orthophonie et d\u2019audiologie","award":["Pilot project grant (Fall 2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pilot project grant (Fall 2020)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008240","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et culture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["https:\/\/doi.org\/10.69777\/304391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["https:\/\/doi.org\/10.69777\/304391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The French writing system contains numerous phoneme-to-grapheme inconsistencies that vary in their properties and distribution across words. These inconsistencies represent a major challenge for children learning to spell, especially for poor spellers or children with dyslexia-dysorthographia. To our knowledge, no study has examined how inconsistencies shape orthographic learning using both eye-movement data and dictation performance, in children with good and poor spelling skills. In this eye-tracking study, twenty French-speaking children aged 9 to 12 (good spellers: n = 10; poor spellers: n = 10) learned the spelling of six bisyllabic non-words containing an inconsistent syllable across three learning cycles while we recorded their eye movements. One week later, children completed delayed dictation and recognition tasks assessing long-term consolidation and retrieval. Both groups improved their spelling accuracy and exhibited shorter and fewer fixations across learning cycles, reflecting progressive orthographic learning. However, poor spellers fixated more often and longer on the inconsistent syllable and demonstrated weaker long-term retention, suggesting a less holistic encoding and difficulties consolidating orthographic representations over time. Future research should examine whether these learning patterns generalize to real words, classroom contexts, and to children with dyslexia-dysorthographia across broader learning conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:19:26Z","timestamp":1766420366000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Orthographic Learning of Inconsistent Non-Words in Good and Poor Spellers: Linking Dictation and Eye-Tracking Measures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1623-9585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Robidoux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole d\u2019Orthophonie et d\u2019Audiologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, 7077, Avenue du Parc, Local 3001-1, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3N 1X7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en R\u00e9adaptation du Montr\u00e9al M\u00e9tropolitain (CRIR), 6363, Chemin Hudson, Bureau 061, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3S 1M9, Canada"},{"name":"Institut Universitaire sur la R\u00e9adaptation en D\u00e9ficience Physique de Montr\u00e9al (IURDPM), Pavillon Lucie-Bruneau, CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, 2275, Avenue Laurier Est, 2<sup>e<\/sup> \u00e9tage, Montr\u00e9al, QC H2H 2N8, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche en Neurosciences et \u00c9lectrophysiologie Cognitive, H\u00f4pital en Sant\u00e9 Mentale Rivi\u00e8re-des-Prairies, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, 7070, Boulevard Perras, Montr\u00e9al, QC H1E 1A4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonin","family":"Rossier-Bisaillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole d\u2019Orthophonie et d\u2019Audiologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, 7077, Avenue du Parc, Local 3001-1, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3N 1X7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en R\u00e9adaptation du Montr\u00e9al M\u00e9tropolitain (CRIR), 6363, Chemin Hudson, Bureau 061, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3S 1M9, Canada"},{"name":"Institut Universitaire sur la R\u00e9adaptation en D\u00e9ficience Physique de Montr\u00e9al (IURDPM), Pavillon Lucie-Bruneau, CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, 2275, Avenue Laurier Est, 2<sup>e<\/sup> \u00e9tage, Montr\u00e9al, QC H2H 2N8, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche en Neurosciences et \u00c9lectrophysiologie Cognitive, H\u00f4pital en Sant\u00e9 Mentale Rivi\u00e8re-des-Prairies, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, 7070, Boulevard Perras, Montr\u00e9al, QC H1E 1A4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boutheina","family":"Jemel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole d\u2019Orthophonie et d\u2019Audiologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, 7077, Avenue du Parc, Local 3001-1, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3N 1X7, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche en Neurosciences et \u00c9lectrophysiologie Cognitive, H\u00f4pital en Sant\u00e9 Mentale Rivi\u00e8re-des-Prairies, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, 7070, Boulevard Perras, Montr\u00e9al, QC H1E 1A4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Stank\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole d\u2019Orthophonie et d\u2019Audiologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, 7077, Avenue du Parc, Local 3001-1, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3N 1X7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en R\u00e9adaptation du Montr\u00e9al M\u00e9tropolitain (CRIR), 6363, Chemin Hudson, Bureau 061, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3S 1M9, Canada"},{"name":"Institut Universitaire sur la R\u00e9adaptation en D\u00e9ficience Physique de Montr\u00e9al (IURDPM), Pavillon Lucie-Bruneau, CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, 2275, Avenue Laurier Est, 2<sup>e<\/sup> \u00e9tage, Montr\u00e9al, QC H2H 2N8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2011\/10-0085)","article-title":"What is orthographic knowledge?","volume":"42","author":"Apel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-018-9895-9","article-title":"Orthographic knowledge: Clarifications, challenges, and future directions","volume":"32","author":"Apel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models 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