{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T22:32:33Z","timestamp":1789165953797,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: A substantial body of research indicates that exposure to violence during childhood is linked to long-term harmful effects. More specifically, child abuse and exposure to parental intimate partner violence (IPV) may increase the likelihood of IPV perpetration in adulthood. This narrative review integrates theoretical and empirical perspectives to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intergenerational transmission of family violence, while identifying gaps in the literature and suggesting directions for future research. Methods: Relevant peer-reviewed empirical studies were identified through major academic databases and reference searches, with a focus on research addressing pathways from childhood exposure to family violence (CEFV) to adult IPV perpetration. The review synthesizes empirical findings to consolidate current knowledge and identify areas for further investigation. Findings: Existing studies have extensively examined associations between CEFV and adult IPV perpetration based on various theoretical frameworks, such as social learning theory, emotional regulation perspective, and the adverse childhood experiences framework. Collectively, these theoretical perspectives underscore that intergenerational transmission of family violence is shaped by behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and contextual factors. However, most studies have focused predominantly on individual and familial characteristics, with limited attention to community or broader socioecological influences. Furthermore, most of the studies have primarily been grounded in the victim\u2013perpetrator binary framework, which treats IPV perpetration and victimization as distinct phenomena. Multidimensional aspects of violence and abuse, such as duration, severity, context, and frequency, also remain underexplored. Conclusions: This review underscores the need to (1) examine the roles of socioecological factors in the intergenerational transmission of family violence, (2) shift the paradigm beyond the gendered victim\u2013offender binary, (3) account for the multifaceted nature of violence and abuse, and (4) utilize diverse methodological approaches to advance the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16020299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T08:50:03Z","timestamp":1771577403000},"page":"299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intergenerational Transmission of Family Violence: A Narrative Review of Pathways from Childhood Exposure to Family Violence to Adult Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7311-1578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sejung","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangjin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8409-3475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pa","family":"Thor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513496895","article-title":"The effects of adolescent intimate partner violence on women\u2019s educational attainment and earnings","volume":"28","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2019.1634894","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence and its impact on adolescent relationship attitudes: A qualitative study","volume":"25","author":"Antle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Loss and Trauma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.09.010","article-title":"Psychological maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents: The mediating role of resilience and self-esteem","volume":"52","author":"Arslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.13.3.301","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of violence, self-control, and conjugal violence: A comparative analysis of physical violence and psychological aggression","volume":"13","author":"Avakame","year":"1998","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis, Prentice Hall.","DOI":"10.2307\/1227918"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.03.003","article-title":"Intimate partner violence theoretical considerations: Moving towards a contextual framework","volume":"28","author":"Bell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-021-00315-z","article-title":"Childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and effects on social-emotional competence: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Bender","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260509340539","article-title":"A further look at the intergenerational transmission of violence: Witnessing interparental violence in emerging adulthood","volume":"25","author":"Black","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2017.1330297","article-title":"The prevalence and consequences of intimate partner violence intrusion in the workplace","volume":"27","author":"Blodgett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502017006003","article-title":"The relationship between family of origin violence and dating violence in college men","volume":"17","author":"Carr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Kita, S., Baba, K., Iwasaki-Motegi, R., Kishi, E., Skowronski, D. P., Karystianis, G., and Kamibeppu, K. (2025). Comparisons of intergenerational transmission of violence between genders: A multiple-group structural equation modeling. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1\u201336.","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605251353495"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401003145","article-title":"Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children","volume":"13","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.1.6","article-title":"A developmental psychopathology perspective on adolescence","volume":"70","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579423000615","article-title":"Exposure to intimate partner violence alters longitudinal associations between caregiver depressive symptoms and effortful control in children and adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Clark","year":"2024","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219832916","article-title":"The interrelations of physical and mental health: Self-rated health, depression, and PTSD among female IPV survivors","volume":"26","author":"Dekel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167290161002","article-title":"Social information-processing bases of aggressive behavior in children","volume":"16","author":"Dodge","year":"1990","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.4.741","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: A 20-year prospective study","volume":"71","author":"Ehrensaft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514539759","article-title":"A cycle of violence? Examining family-of-origin violence, attitudes, and intimate partner violence perpetration","volume":"30","author":"Eriksson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.22.3.367","article-title":"Social information processing mediates the intergenerational transmission of aggressiveness in romantic relationships","volume":"22","author":"Fite","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-012-9419-3","article-title":"The intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence: Differentiating correlates in a random community sample","volume":"27","author":"Franklin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2013.4513","article-title":"Women veterans and intimate partner violence: Current state of knowledge and future directions","volume":"23","author":"Gerber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graf, S., and Schechter, D. S. (2024). The impact of maternal interpersonal violent trauma and related psychopathology on child outcomes and intergenerational transmission. Current Psychiatry Reports 26, 166\u2013175.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-024-01491-7"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12931","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12931","article-title":"Time to challenge the spurious hierarchy of systematic over narrative reviews?","volume":"48","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.06.012","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment, psychopathology and well-being: The mediator role of global self-esteem, attachment difficulties and substance use","volume":"70","author":"Greger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-019-00063-1","article-title":"\u201cLike I\u2019m invisible\u201d: IPV survivor-mothers\u2019 perceptions of seeking child custody through the family court system","volume":"35","author":"Gutowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-012-9487-4","article-title":"Exposure to maternal- and paternal-perpetrated intimate partner violence, emotion regulation, and child outcomes","volume":"28","author":"Harding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017692385","article-title":"A methodological review and critique of the \u201cintergenerational transmission of violence\u201d literature","volume":"20","author":"Haselschwerdt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2014","article-title":"Effects of child abuse, adolescent violence, peer approval and pro-violence attitudes on intimate partner violence in adulthood","volume":"26","author":"Herrenkohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.10.018","article-title":"Victim\u2013offender relationship and the emotional, social, and physical consequences of violent victimization","volume":"62","author":"Hullenaar","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107695","article-title":"Childhood adversity and intimate partner violence: A 20-year longitudinal study of cumulative, typological, and sex effects","volume":"169","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801218796329","article-title":"Gender differences in intimate partner violence: A predictive analysis of IPV by child abuse and domestic violence exposure during early childhood","volume":"25","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2307\/351858","article-title":"The intergenerational transmission of marital aggression","volume":"46","author":"Kalmuss","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and the Family"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00998-7","article-title":"Effects of early adverse experiences on brain structure and function: Clinical implications","volume":"42","author":"Kaufman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelleher, K., Gardner, W., Coben, J., Barth, R., Edleson, J., and Hazen, A. (2006). Co-occurring intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: Local policies\/practices and relationships to child placement, family services, and residence (Standard No. NCJ No. 213503).","DOI":"10.1037\/e506762006-001"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015935","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation in the intergenerational transmission of romantic relationship conflict","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040.12.1.36","article-title":"Co-occurrence of child and partner maltreatment","volume":"12","author":"Knickerbocker","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.17.3.288","article-title":"The intergenerational transmission of relationship violence","volume":"17","author":"Kwong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP6747","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518820706","article-title":"Happily ever after? Life satisfaction after childhood exposure to violence","volume":"36","author":"LaBrenz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579423000548","article-title":"Mediators and moderator of the effects of early exposure to intimate partner violence on children\u2019s mental health","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Leemis, R. W., Friar, N., Khatiwada, S., Chen, M. S., Kresnow, M. J., Smith, S. G., Caslin, S., and Basile, K. C. (2022). The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2016\/2017 report on intimate partner violence, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417001833","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of violence: The mediating role of adolescent psychopathology symptoms","volume":"31","author":"Low","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104134","article-title":"The intergenerational impact of trauma and family violence on parents and their children","volume":"96","author":"Prinzie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011115104282","article-title":"Attitudes and family violence: Linking intergenerational and cultural theories","volume":"16","author":"Markowitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019888560","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 experience of intimate partner violence and subsequent offspring attachment security ages 1\u20135 years: A meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"McIntosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meinck, F., Woollett, N., Franchino-Olsen, H., Silima, M., Thurston, C., Fouch\u00e9, A., Monaisa, K., and Christofides, N. (2023). Interrupting the intergenerational cycle of violence: Protocol for a three-generational longitudinal mixed-methods study in South Africa (INTERRUPT_VIOLENCE). BMC Public Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15168-y"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9416","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519867146","article-title":"Does emotion regulation mediate the relation between family-of-origin violence and intimate partner violence?","volume":"36","author":"Oliveros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osborne, K. l., Munasinghe, S., and Page, A. (2025). The intergenerational transmission of emotional intimate partner violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Family Violence.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-025-00871-8"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.04.049","article-title":"Lifetime economic burden of intimate partner violence among US adults","volume":"55","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.037","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and the overlap of perpetration and victimization: Considering the influence of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse in childhood","volume":"67","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000893","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and child and adolescent adjustment: The protective roles of neighborhood social processes","volume":"35","author":"Riina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181f39f03","article-title":"Witness of intimate partner violence in childhood and perpetration of intimate partner violence in adulthood","volume":"21","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.10.016","article-title":"Adulthood stressors, history of childhood adversity, and risk of perpetration of intimate partner violence","volume":"40","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/10538151211062206","article-title":"Family routines within caregiver-implemented early interventions: A scoping review","volume":"44","author":"Romano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Early Intervention"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012211013895","article-title":"It happened matters more than what happened: Associations between intimate partner violence abuse type, emotion regulation, and post-traumatic stress symptoms","volume":"28","author":"Ruork","year":"2022","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502250840","article-title":"Understanding children exposed to violence: Toward an integration of overlapping fields","volume":"18","author":"Saunders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14032","article-title":"Intimate partner violence exposure during infancy and social functioning in middle childhood: An Australian mother and child cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Schulz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0355(200101\/04)22:1<67::AID-IMHJ3>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Toward an interpersonal neurobiology of the developing mind: Attachment relationships, \u201cmindsight,\u201d and neural integration","volume":"22","author":"Siegel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of The World Association for Infant Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12023","article-title":"Breaking the links in intergenerational violence: An emotional regulation perspective","volume":"52","author":"Siegel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Family Process"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2025.2491020","article-title":"The longitudinal association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with transient and chronic loneliness among older adults","volume":"29","author":"Simkin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.3.435","article-title":"Parent and partner violence in families with young children: Rates, patterns, and connections","volume":"73","author":"Slep","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/10664807211006274","article-title":"Family violence in context: An intergenerational systemic model","volume":"29","author":"Southern","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Family Journal"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-22-00481.1","article-title":"Narrative reviews in medical education: Key steps for researchers","volume":"14","author":"Sukhera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Graduate Medical Education"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.21.5.561","article-title":"Intimate partner violence, women, and work: Coping on the job","volume":"21","author":"Swanberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.24.5.639","article-title":"Examining the correlates of aggression among male and female Vietnam veterans","volume":"24","author":"Taft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Gross, J. J. (2007). Socialization of emotion regulation in the family. Handbook of emotion regulation, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilches, F., Mazeyra, L., Quintanilla, A., and Ramos-Vargas, L. (2025). Intergenerational transmission of domestic violence in Peruvian families: A qualitative study. Social Sciences, 14, (7).","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci14070399"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517708406","article-title":"Extending the ACEs framework: Examining the relations between childhood abuse and later victimization and perpetration with college men","volume":"35","author":"Voith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000186","article-title":"Health and health care from the perspective of intimate partner violence adult female victims in shelters","volume":"41","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Family & Community Health"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00170-4","article-title":"Variation in exposure to violence in early adolescence distinguishes between intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration among young men involved in the justice system","volume":"36","author":"Wagers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2009.02.011","article-title":"A test of social learning and intergenerational transmission among batterers","volume":"37","author":"Wareham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231169486","article-title":"Exploring categories of family violence across the lifespan: A scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Warren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502238733","article-title":"Violent childhood experiences and the risk of intimate partner violence in adults: Assessment in a large health maintenance organization","volume":"18","author":"Whitfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/2\/299\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T08:58:20Z","timestamp":1771577900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/16\/2\/299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["bs16020299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs16020299","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-328X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-328X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]}}}